Moral Development and Reasoning
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1
What is moral development?
Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
2
Who developed the theory of moral reasoning?
Lawrence Kohlberg
3
What characterizes preconventional moral reasoning?
Decisions based on punishment, rewards, and personal consequences.
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What characterizes conventional moral reasoning?
Decisions based on approval, social expectations, laws, and social order.
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What characterizes postconventional moral reasoning?
Decisions based on individual rights, justice, ethical principles, and personal moral values.
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What was Carol Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's theory?
It emphasized males and justice reasoning more than caring and relationships.
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What is the ethic of care?
A moral orientation emphasizing caring and relationships.
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What is the ethic of justice?
A moral orientation emphasizing justice, rights, and fairness.
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Who developed social cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
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How does social cognitive theory explain moral development?
Through observation, modeling, reinforcement, punishment, and self-regulation.
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What is moral competence?
The ability to make moral judgments and understand right and wrong.
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What is moral performance?
Actually behaving in accordance with moral reasoning.
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What is prosocial behavior?
Behavior intended to benefit another person.
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What is altruism?
Helping others without expecting personal rewards.
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What is empathy?
Understanding or sharing another person's feelings.
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What is forgiveness?
Giving up resentment toward someone who caused harm.
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What is gratitude?
Feeling thankful for benefits received from others.
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How does Freud explain superego development?
Internalization of parental standards and societal rules during resolution of the Oedipus complex.
19
What is the ego ideal?
Standards of what a person should be.
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What is the conscience?
Standards of what a person should not do.
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What is moral identity?
The importance of being a moral person to one's identity.
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What are moral exemplars?
Individuals who demonstrate outstanding moral behavior.
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What is social domain theory?
The theory that people distinguish moral, social-conventional, and personal domains.
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What is social conventional reasoning?
Reasoning based on social rules, expectations, customs, and traditions.
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What is love withdrawal?
Withholding affection or emotional support to punish a child.
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What is power assertion?
Using physical punishment, threats, or force to control behavior.
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What is induction?
Explaining how behavior affects others and its consequences.
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What is the hidden curriculum?
A school's moral atmosphere, rules, values, relationships, and expectations.
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What is character education?
Directly teaching moral values, virtues, and appropriate behavior.
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What is values clarification?
Helping individuals identify and develop their own personal values.
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What is service learning?
Community service combined with academic learning and reflection.
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What is one benefit of service learning?
Developing responsibility and empathy.
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What is another benefit of service learning?
Connecting classroom learning to real-world experiences.
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What are values?
Beliefs and attitudes about how things should be and what is important.
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What is religion?
Organized beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols connecting individuals to something sacred or transcendent.
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What is religiousness?
The degree of affiliation, participation, and involvement in organized religion.
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What is spirituality?
Experiencing something beyond oneself and living to benefit others and society.
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What is reciprocal socialization?
Children and adolescents socialize parents just as parents socialize them.
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What are multiple developmental trajectories?
Different developmental paths followed by parents and children that interact.
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Which developmental trajectories are associated with parents?
Timing of marriage, cohabitation, and parenthood.
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Which developmental trajectories are associated with children and adolescents?
Timing of childcare and entering middle school.
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What makes a parent an effective manager?
Finding information, making contacts, structuring choices, providing guidance, and monitoring adolescents.
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What is parental solicitation?
Asking adolescents questions to obtain information.
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What is parental control in monitoring?
Establishing rules about disclosure.
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What is parental snooping?
Checking up on adolescents when they do not comply.
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What is authoritative parenting?
Warm and responsive parenting that sets limits and encourages independence.
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What is authoritarian parenting?
Restrictive, punitive, and highly controlling parenting.
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What is indulgent parenting?
Highly involved and responsive parenting with few demands or controls.
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What is neglectful parenting?
Parenting characterized by being uninvolved in an adolescent's life.
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Which parenting style is demanding and responsive?
Authoritative
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Which parenting style is demanding and unresponsive?
Authoritarian
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Which parenting style is undemanding and responsive?
Indulgent
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Which parenting style is undemanding and unresponsive?
Neglectful
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What is autonomy?
Self-direction and independence.
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What is emotional autonomy?
The capacity to relinquish childlike dependencies on parents.
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What are possible risks for grandparents raising children full-time?
Physical and emotional stress, financial strain, health concerns, and caregiving burdens.
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What are the three types of stepfamilies?
Stepfather, stepmother, and blended or complex stepfamilies.
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What is boundary ambiguity?
Uncertainty about who belongs to a family and who is responsible for family tasks.
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What developmental problems are adopted children at higher risk for?
Externalizing, internalizing, and attention problems.
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How do most adopted children adjust?
The majority adjust effectively.
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What parenting promotes positive adjustment in adopted children?
Supportive, caring, involved, and communicative parenting.
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How do children of gay and lesbian parents generally develop?
They are generally as well adjusted as children of heterosexual parents.
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What does research find about children raised by gay and lesbian parents?
Few developmental differences compared with children raised by heterosexual parents.
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What is sociometric status?
The extent to which adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer group.
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How is sociometric status assessed?
Through peer ratings or nominations.
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What characterizes popular adolescents?
They are well-liked, socially skilled, confident, helpful, and good communicators.
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What characterizes average adolescents?
They receive a typical amount of positive and negative peer nominations.
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What characterizes neglected adolescents?
They receive few nominations and are often overlooked, but not necessarily disliked.
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What characterizes rejected adolescents?
They are disliked by peers and may experience social difficulties.
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What characterizes controversial adolescents?
They receive many positive and many negative peer nominations.
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What problems may rejected-aggressive boys experience?
Impulsivity, emotional reactivity, attention problems, and fewer social skills.
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What is one positive influence of peer relations?
Learning fairness and justice through disagreements.
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What is another positive influence of peer relations?
Developing social skills and intimate relationship skills.
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What is a negative influence of peer relations?
Risky peer networks increase the likelihood of problem behaviors.
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What behavior may peers influence more strongly than parents?
Smoking behaviors.
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What are the six friendship functions?
Companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, intimacy and affection.
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What is companionship in friendship?
Spending time together and enjoying shared activities.
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What is stimulation in friendship?
Providing interesting and enjoyable experiences.
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What is physical support in friendship?
Providing assistance and resources.
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What is ego support in friendship?
Providing encouragement and reassurance.
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What is social comparison in friendship?
Helping evaluate one's abilities, beliefs, and behavior.
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What is intimacy and affection in friendship?
Sharing personal thoughts and feelings in a caring relationship.
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What do girls' friendships tend to emphasize?
Intimacy, emotional support, self-disclosure, and closeness.
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What do boys' friendships tend to emphasize?
Shared activities, companionship, and group interactions.
85
What is co-rumination?
Repeatedly discussing problems and negative feelings with friends.
86
What is a clique?
A small group of friends who interact regularly and have personal relationships.
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What is a crowd?
A larger group based on reputation, identity, or shared characteristics.
88
What is one function of dating?
Providing companionship.
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How does dating support identity development?
It allows adolescents to explore romantic relationships and understand themselves.
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How can dating develop relationship skills?
By providing opportunities to practice intimacy and interpersonal interactions.
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What are the four stages of heterosexual romance?
Initiation, status, affection, and bonding.
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What characterizes the initiation stage of romance?
Interest in romantic relationships begins.
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What characterizes the status stage of romance?
Dating becomes connected to social status and peer approval.
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What characterizes the affection stage of romance?
Relationships become more emotionally intimate.
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What characterizes the bonding stage of romance?
Relationships become more committed and serious.
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How can romantic relationships protect sexual minority youth?
They provide emotional support, acceptance, intimacy, and identity support.
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What is romantic love?
Passionate love or eros involving strong sexual attraction and infatuation.
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What is affectionate love?
Companionate love involving deep caring, affection, and closeness.
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Which type of love is more common in adolescence?
Romantic or passionate love.
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Which type of love is more characteristic of adult relationships?
Affectionate or companionate love.
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What are dating scripts?
Cognitive models used to guide and evaluate dating interactions.
102
What dating script do males tend to follow?
A proactive script involving initiating interactions.
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What dating script do females tend to follow?
A reactive script involving responding to interactions.
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How do girls tend to describe dating?
In terms of interpersonal qualities.
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How do boys tend to describe dating?
In terms of physical attraction.
106
What is cohabitation?
Living together in a sexual relationship without being married.
107
How is cohabitation commonly viewed in the United States?
A precursor to marriage.
108
How is cohabitation commonly viewed in Europe?
An ongoing lifestyle.
109
How different are gay and lesbian couples from heterosexual couples?
Relatively few differences in relationship functioning.
110
What factors influence relationship quality more than sexual orientation?
Communication, commitment, and relationship satisfaction.
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