1What is the most important aspect of power?
dependence
2What are the two major bases of power?
formal power and personal power
3What is coercive power?
power based on fear of negative results
4What is reward power?
power based on the promise of positive results
5What is legitimate power?
power based on formal authority
6What is expert power?
power based on knowledge and skills
7What is referent power?
power based on respect, admiration, and charisma
8What creates dependence?
importance, scarcity, and nonsubstitutability
9What are influence tactics?
legitimacy, rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, exchange, personal appeals, ingratiation, pressure, coalitions
10What is political behavior?
actions not required by one’s formal role but that influence the distribution of advantages in the organization
11What are examples of political behaviors?
withholding info, whistle-blowing, spreading rumors, leaking confidential info
12What is conflict?
a process that begins when one party perceives another as negatively affecting something they care about
13What is task conflict?
conflict about content and goals of work
14What is relationship conflict?
conflict focused on interpersonal relationships
15What is process conflict?
conflict about how work gets done
16What are the three loci of conflict?
dyadic, intragroup, intergroup
17What are the five stages of the conflict process?
potential opposition, cognition & personalization, intentions, behavior, outcomes
18What is negotiation?
a process where two or more parties exchange goods or services to reach agreement
19What is distributive bargaining?
win/lose negotiation dividing a fixed pie
20What is integrative bargaining?
win/win negotiation creating mutually beneficial outcomes
21What is the bargaining zone?
the range between each party’s resistance points where agreement is possible
22What is anchoring error?
being overly influenced by the first offer in negotiation
23What is work specialization?
dividing labor into separate tasks to increase efficiency
24What is departmentalization?
grouping jobs so common tasks can be coordinated
25What is the chain of command?
an unbroken line of authority clarifying who reports to whom
26What is span of control?
the number of employees a manager can efficiently oversee
27What is centralization?
decision-making concentrated at a single point in the organization
28What is decentralization?
decision-making spread out, allowing faster action and more input
29What is formalization?
the degree to which jobs are standardized
30What is a bureaucracy?
a structure with standardized tasks, rules, and narrow spans of control
31What is a matrix structure?
a structure combining functional and product departmentalization
32What is organizational culture?
a system of shared meaning distinguishing one organization from another
33What are outcomes of strong culture?
core values intensely held and widely shared, strong influence on behavior
34How do employees learn culture?
stories, rituals, symbols, language, behavior of others
35How do founders shape culture?
by hiring similar people, socializing employees, and modeling values
36What is socialization?
a process enabling employees to learn necessary cultural knowledge and skills
37What is planned change?
proactive, intentional, goal-oriented change
38What is unplanned change?
change driven by forces outside management
39What are individual resistance factors to change?
habit, security, economic factors, fear of unknown, selective info processing
40What are organizational resistance factors?
structural inertia, limited focus, group inertia, threat to expertise or power