1what is the Darwinistic approach ?
emotions are the response of the brain to negative or positive events that result in :
1. a certain behaviour
2. psychological responses
2whey de we need emotions according to Darwin ?
survival and reproduction
3which pecies have emotions acoording to the darwinistic apporach ?
only higher order species
4who created a treory that tells us how many emotions there are ?
Ekmand and Friessen
5on what did Ekmand and Friessen base the basic emotions ?
based on the similarity in facial expressions in different cultures
6what are the basic emotions ?
1. anger
2. disgust
3. fear
4. happiness
5. sadness
6. surprise
7how do we have other emotions than the basic 6 ?
a mix of the six
8what are physiological responses of anxiety ?
secretion of sweat glands
stress hormones are relesed
fast breathing
increased blood flow
tension in muscles
surpressed pain temporarly
9what are the behavioural changes of anxiety ?
chnage is facial ecpression
arousal ( addrenaline , serotonine , acetylcholine )
fight / flight /freeze behaviour
10what is the role of amygdala ?
generates response to fear
11how have rat studies shown amygdala activation ?
rats with no amygdala
stresse levels when shocked were recorded trough sweat glands
12what are the formations of the amygdala ?
bastorial + central nucleus = amygdala
13how can conditioned response show amygdala activation ?
blue square becomes a conditioned response after repetitive shocks
record swat through skin conductance
patients with damage do not show signs of fear
14how can fMRI recodrings show amygdala activation ?
when shown words that migh frighten people we can see amygdala activation
15what is the stress respnse ?
1. lateral hypothalamus
2. activates sympathetic nervous sytem
3. inhibits parasympathetic nervous system
4. paraventricular nucleus
5. hypothalamic nucleus
6. pitualry gland
7. adrenal axis
16what is the role of lateral nucleus ?
sensory input : sends the info to the central nucleus and/or the basal nucleus
17what is the role of central nucleus ?
activates stress response
18what is the whole circuit of the HPA axis ?
1. stress from amygdala
2. hypothalamus releses CRF
3. CRF stimulates pitulary secretion of ACTH
4. ACTH stimulates adrenal grland to prduce cortisol
5. protein brekdown to relse glucose
19what is the HPA axis?
hypothalamic pitualry adrenal axis
20what does the HPA activation cause ?
Causes the release of corticotropin releasing hormone(CRF,stress hormone)
21what do th epitualy glands release ?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood
22what does the adranel gland produce ?
cortisol
23what is the role of cortisol ?
cortisol brakes down proteins in muscle to produce glucose → save energy
24what does the excess cortisol do ?
inhibits the hypothalamus and pituitary glands to supress cortisol production
25what inhibits amygdala to not be afraid of everyting ?
GABA
26what GABA pharmaceutical are there?
benzodopamines ( Valim)
make conncetions more efficient
27what neurotransmitter is needed for GABA ?
serotomine ( 5HTP )
28what serotonine promotic pharmaceutical sare there?
SSRI ( Prozac)
increase GABA ergic neurons
29how does maygdala play an improtant role in emotion recognition ?
amygdala damage can lead to lack of eye recognition and face recognition
30what is the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex ?
controls the amygdala
31what si s the Phineas Gage example ?
damage to vmPFC caused chage in emotional behaviour
32what types of behaviour could be seen after damage to cmPFC ?
anger outbursts / childish behaviour / unrespisnive
33why are children more agressive, cannot control emotiond ?
because amygdala devlops earlier than the vmPFC
34what differes in amygdala for agressive children ?
amygdala volume
35what brain activity can be seen in impulsive killsers ?
increases subcortical activity
36in what state of the vmPFC do we take more rational decisions ?
wehn the vmPFC is leased
37what is the role of the hippocampus ?
Can use memories (expectation or vicarious learning) to activate amygdala without
previous exposure to fear stimulus
38how does chronic stress influnce our body ?
serum cortisol increase leads to overactivation of HPA axis and increased cortisol in blood
39what is the relationship between cortiosl and hippocamus ?
cortisol inhibits hippocampus leading to suppression of negative thoughts
40what is dicticn in people with depression ?
hippocampus can be damaged by over inhibiting
41how does cortisol impact immune ssytem ?
due to the suppresion of signal between lympocites ( cytokines ) imune sisytem is lowered
42why does coritsol lowe connection between cytokines ?
to save energu for fight ot flight
43what is the connection between white blood cells called ?
cytokines
44what is another name for white blood cells ?
lympocites
45what is the James Lange theory ?
**bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience**
we think we are sad because we cry
46what are facial emotions ?
1. spontaneous ( automatic )
2. voluntary ( on command )
47what are spontanous facial expressions ?
initated in both hemispheres by subcortical regions
48what are voluntary facial expressions ?
initiated by left motor corted
49why can we not control coluntary ( on command) facial expressions ?
Cannot appear natural because orbicularis oculi (eye muscles) cannot be controlled
50what is emotional paresis ?
Can facially express voluntary emotions but not spontaneous (natural) ones
51which part of the brain is affected in emoitonal paresis ?
lesion of right hemisphere subcortical regions
52what is voluntary paresis ?
Can facially express spontaneous emotions but not voluntary ones
53which part of the brain is leased in voluntary paresis?
lesion of right of motor cortex> how can we see empathy in emotional respnses ?
it is innate ( babys copy facial expressions)
may be a mechanism that supports empathy