lecture 6 *PTA*

human behaviour is largely driven by innate, irrational and unconscious drives

defense mechanisms keep these drives from awareness

early childhood expirinces shape the personality ( besides inhereted traits)

conflicts between conscious mind and repressed material can lead to mental problems

these problems can be resolved by bringing repressed material into consciousness (via skilled guidance)

1856 : born in Austria

1881 : doctor of medicine

1885 : lecturer in neuropathology

1886 : marriage and private practice

1900 : Interpretation of Dreams book

1909 : visit USA

1939 : escapes to UK

1939 : dies of throat cancer

rise of cognitive psychology

historical criticism towards Freud

psychology : behaviouralist experimens suggest alternative model of mental illness , 50s first behavioural treatments , 60s computer metaphor ( away from emotin and motivation )

these days is talking about the same concepts with different names [e.g repression → cognitive avoidance] rebranding

Freud wars :80s to 90s critiques of Freud's clinical practice and proffessional ethics

dated biological models

critique of 'cult' of psychoalaysis

pessimistic , patriarchal and reductionist

moders psychology corelates with more emphasis on eg/self and interpersonal relationships and short term psychodynamic therapy

humainities : literary criticism ; treat text as a dream , look for symbolism and phylosophy interpretative reconstruction

affective / emotion science : biological influences on psychology and psychiatry

women suffering form hysteria

sevre cough

paralysis right of body

disturbance of viion , hearing , speech

hallucinations

lapses in consciousness

breuer visited twice a day , listened carefully to her \initially hypnoses, then free association

patient is asked to say all the words coming to their mind when a specitic topic or word was said

Anna O. 'consierge ' , night gown,' town ', 'farm carts'

eventually they found a childhood incidence : sister had nervous breakdow, the consierge sent Anna in the night gown away in a farm cart to asylum

Breuer : Each time a represses memory was uncovered, Anna;s symtoms improved

every time Anna remembered new information about the veents she would feel better

the founding case of Anna O.

when someone redirects their feelings about one person onto someone else

FReud noted that patients often fall in love withtheir therapists ( as Anna O had with Breuer) → proposed reliving of old relationship expirinces onto therapist

tallking cure

psychothrapy

tranference

thrapeutic alliance

social cognitive transference

real name was Bertha Pappenheim

Breuier never saw the case as succesful

Bertha suffered form morphine adicitona fter psychosis

actual diagnosis was tuberculosis

### Stress and coping

ans Seley (biologist test on arats in different stressors)

1. alarm stage
2. mobalizing fizical energy ( start movement)
3. exhaustion (more prone to diesese)

feeling when you find that semands exceed resources

1. functional ( emotion vs problem focused )
2. topological (behaviour vs congitive ; approach avoidance)
3. action types ( mastery, proximity

1. cognitive coping : 'take long view things'
2. social coping : ' very consistent about spending time with family '
3. embodied coping :'very consisten about exercising'

coping suposed to be more conscious and intentional than defense

defense has a more pathological conotation and a more healy approach

1. decrease negative affect
2. return to beasline arousal
3. solve/manage problem

1. decrease negative affect
2. return to beasline arousal

coping is not about wether it is thretaning or not

A. appraisal process

B. coping process

situation relevent + threthening or irrelevant and harmesll

cognitive coping vs defense in psychoanalyisis ing resouces inadequet or appear to be adeqet

1. not blaming yourself for bad events
2. poitive about the future
3. self efficacy specific beliefs
4. ignoring rosks ( bias)

predictor of good health ( subjective and hobective ) and positiv helath behaviours

statistically small effects on wellbeing of adolescence

effect larger on school performance among adolescents with more emotional problems

mediated by incresed self insight

suppression effortful and predicts low well being and interpersonal strain

after traumatic events

discuss and 'process' negative simtoms, PTSD symptos

negative effect in meta analysis and clnical trials

brething , arobic exercise, touch therapy