3 Cognition and language PSYC1004

A Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

UN-DESIRE-ABLE
DIS-TRACT-ION-S
DOOR-FRAME

Syntax is the way words and phrases are arranged to form meaningful language.

There are 44 Phonemes in the English language.

There are more than 800 Phonemes in all languages.

A Phoneme is the smallest unit of language.

E.g. The players talked to the fans:
the .. p .. l .. ay .. er .. s .. t .. al .. k .. ed .. tu .. the .. f .. a .. n .. s

A Constantive is a statement of fact.

E.g. The door is open. My pen is over there. The TV is broken.

Bach & Hamish 197

Interrogatives and Imperatives (questions, requests, commands) are known as Directives.

E.g. Shut the door. Please get my water. Can you please pass the potatoes?

Bach & Hamish 1979

The Generative feature of language is that one can produce infinite different sentences with it.

Psycholinguistics is the study of the way language is understood and processed psychologically

Aphasia is when one has problems creating speech and processing words into speech.

Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke are two factors that may cause Aphasia.

Wernicke's Aphasia causes issues with selecting the correct words and can result in instances of Word Salad.

Broca's Aphasia can causes a reduced lexicon and causes one to repeat themselves.

Children learn phonemes when they are around 1-6 months old.

Children start babbling when they are around 4-6 months old.

Babies start imitating language at around 7-11 months old.

Babies begin to make single nominal (noun) requests at around 12 months of age.

Babies have usually developed a 50-100 word vocabulary at around 18-24 months old.

A baby's vocabulary develops to around 50-100 words at 18-24 months.

A child's develop hundreds of vocabulary words every six months.

Most children have developed a full grasp of language by 4-5 years old.

The Sensitive Theory Hypothesis is the idea that children have the best chance of learning a language if they are taught before puberty. It is also known as the Critical Period Hypothesis.

This applies to both spoken and signed languages.

The Sensitive Theory Hypothesis is the idea that children have the best chance of learning a language if they are taught before puberty. It is also known as the Critical Period Hypothesis.

This applies to both spoken and signed languages.

Around 750 million adults around the world are non-literate.

A non-literate person belongs to a culture that does not have a written language.

An illiterate person cannot read the language they speak.

A Logographical Language is one that has symbols to represent individual words.

For example, Chinese Language and Japanese kanji.

Japanese kanjo is a Logographical writing style.

In terms of written language, a Saccadeis the movement between Eye Fixations.

Eye Fixations are where the eye lingers when reading a word.

Eye Fixations where one's eye lingers over a word to read it.

A Saccade is the movement between two Fixations.

Phonological Awareness is the understanding of the structure of one's language.

Sight Vocabulary is when one recognises a word instead of decoding the letters.

One fifth of Australians speak a second language at home.

21% of Australians speak a second language at home.

The combined mental processes of recollection, perception, and information processing is known as Cognition.

Working Memory is the maintenance of multiple metal processes at once. This allows us to perform complex operations on the information we are juggling.

Delay Discounting is a negative heuristic where one chooses short-term benefit over long-term gain.

Belief Bias is the act of letting one's beliefs get in the way of a logically sound argument.

1. All things that are smoked are good for one's health. ***the fallacy
2. Cigarettes are smoked.
3. Therefore cigarettes are good for one's health.

When using the Belief Bias, one will claim that this is not logically sound.

Depending on whether a thing is described negatively or positively has an effect on decisions made.

When told a cancer treatment has a 50% success rate, people are more likely to agree than if they are told it has a 50% failure rate.

Confirmation Bias is the act of looking for information that aligns with one's existing beliefs.

Salience Bias is the fallacy of assuming a highly prevalent choice is the correct answer.

The asthma/tornadoes and murder/suicide study.

Correlates with Availability Heuristic.

The tendancy to judge an answer as correct because it as at the forefront of one's mind, or because it came to mind first, is known as the Availability Heuristic.

The toothpaste analogy.

A Schema is essentially a mental script or ideal that helps us understand the world without thinking deeply.

Schemas are very similar to heuristics.

50,000.

Upwards of 50,000 items can be in a memory set (a type of Schema).
This shown by chess players being able to learn more than 50,000 board configurations.

Emotions can get in the way, but they can be very useful.

Emotions help us make good judgements in regards to lifestyle, emotional, social, personal problems.

Emotions will get in the way of intellectual problems such as mathematical concepts.

Emotions can cause a strain on intellectual problems and complex tasks.

Metacognition is thr awareness of one's cognitive abilities.

Not only awareness that they exist, but awareness of the way they are.

People mistakenly believe that they can cram for a test and remember it all.

The Factual aspect of Baltes' Wisdom is the ability to understand how Social relationships and People work.
It is also knowledge of what kinds of events happen.

Baltes' strategic facet of Wisdom is the ability to handle Decisions and Conflict, and how to give Advice.

The Life-Span Context of Baltes' Wisdom is understanding that there are different lifestyles other than your own, and how different lifestyles occur - such as Work and Leisure.

Baltes' states that Wisdom is knowing that Goals and Values operate differently according to each person and culture.

Baltes' Wisdom states that the life and the future is not fully Known or Controllable.

1. Factual knowledge about life. What happens.

Negative Transfer is a barrier to solving a new problem similar to a problem one is already good at solving. For example, when a snow skiier tries to learn how to water sko.