lecture 2 *DPP*

indigestion of non food substances ( paint , pebbels of dirt )

repeated regurgitation of food

the process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors toward environmental objects, persons, and situations

: occurs when an infant expresses affect and a mother responds cross modally, matching duration, intensity, and rhythm

young child's capacity to expirince , regulate and express emotions form close and secure relationships and explain enviroment and learn

1. physiological functionaing
2. temperament
3. attachemetn

the three bio behavioural shifts in the first year of life

1. rythmic routines of feeding , dressing , conforting
2. communicationg feelings and intentions trough gestures and cocalizations
3. exploring the environemnt by crawling , walking etc

avoidant / restrictive food intake disorder

sleep awake disorder

limited appetites , severe selectivity of food , feaar of feedin

insomnia , disoreders of arousal

inafficient and ineffective feeding pattern

*no expirince of hunger and relief form hunger

*developmental delay in feeding routine due to neglect

*adversive experiances with feeding

increased in difficulties related to amonts of food, choises of food, and mealtime behaviour

worry and frustration of the caregiver ofthen increase the feeding problems

feelings of personal incpometence and anger towards the child

**disorder** : marked and persistent difficulties setteling down and falling asleep , as well as mantaining sleep trough the night, associated with impaired daily functioning

1. insomnia
2. disorders of arousal
3. nightmare disorder

difficulties falling and staying asleep

sleep terrorsor sleepwalking

individual differences in the ability to self regualte and self sooth

difficult temperament

medical conditon

insecure attachement

reinforcng maladaptive patterns

problems with setting limits

anxiety/depression

marital difficultis

individual differences in reactivity and regulation

infant's excitability and resposniveness

what the infant does the control its reactivity

1. surgency / extraversion
2. neagtive affectivity / neuroticism
3. effortful control / conscienciousness

sociability and positive emotionality

predispositions to experiences of fear and frustration/anger

attempts to regulate stimulation and response

1. warmth
2. positive and negative controll

connected to the child's social and emotional needs

connected to the child's neef for autonomy and self regulation

if parents react to a stressed child with adding more stress without reparing this , it may result in toxic stress response

are the parents temperament and child temperament aligned

easy going parents > easy going baby = easy

fearful child baby with strict parents = stress and feeling not accepted

in any infat parent care there are matched and mis matched , growth by macth mispatch repair cycles

extreme mismatches are problematic , in particular for children who are more suspectable due to their temperament ( differential senitivity)

e.g. orchind and dendilion

1. individual differences in the quality of infant caregiver attachemnt relationships are largely
2. the product of the history of interaction with the caregiver

variations in attachement quality are the foundation for later individual differences in personality

YES : behaviour > state of mind ( how we deal with intimiciy , autonomy , trust in self etc)

as changes in behavioual organization ( emotiona and cognition )

relation between early development and later outcomes

stability /coherence over time vs chnges in support / expectations

1. development of attachement relationship
2. development of rudimental sens of identity / self
3. basic understendmant of others and the world

experiences of safety, comfort and affection.

earliest set of cognitions and emotions focused on the infant as a separate being

early ideas about unfamiliar adults and children, along with new situations

1. secure attachement
2. insecure ambivalent attachement
3. insecure avoidant attachement
4. insecure disorganized or disorianted attacement

avoidant and ambivalent

also more dependet on adults than secure patterns

caregiver othen responds senitivly , consistently, and approprietly to physical, emotional and social needs of thechild

more cooperative interactions

deeply rooted sense of safety and security , rudimental cognitions and emotions

" i am worthy of care : , " I am lovable"

" i can trust that you will respond to me in approapritae ways "

" the world is safe and plesant"

The caregiver often responds inconsistently or unpredictable to the physical, emotional and social needs of the child

Lower levels of psychological awareness in mothers and developmental lags in infants

preoccupied

" i dont know if i am worthy of care "

" I cannot trust that you will respond to me in appropriate ways"

" the world is sometimes pleasent and sometimes unpleasent "

The caregiver often responds with inadequate, intrusive or excessively controlling care to the physical, emotional and social needs of the child

"Psychological unavailability" in caregivers

" i m not worthy of being loved "

" I can trust that you usually do not respond "

" the world is unfrindly and not responsive"

ambivalent : difficulty dealing with novel conplex object, more hesitant , less flexible

avoidant : no problems in handling novel objects , close physical and emotional encounters with peers are very chalenging

ambivalnt: seeks help for smaller problems , asks more nurturance as if they are younger than actual age

avoindant: seeks help / cntach when sttress is over , disobedint , others often respond instructive and controlling

develop whe the caregiver is percieved as frightening or malicious . During childhood it is a pattern in which both approach and avoidance is typical

**Prevalence: 15% non clinical groups; 50 80% clinical groups**

1. more symptoms of psychopatology
2. dissociation or psyisc collapse
3. development of conduct disorder
4. boardeline perosnaility disorder

protective factor : in probelmatic situations the persoon has more resiliance to deal with

patterns of adaptation do not lead to clinical disordes : children are at higher risk of developing problems

insecure disorganized pattern

1. reactive attachemt dsiorder (RAD)
2. disinhibited social engagement disorder ( DSED)

lack of organized attachment behaviors, do not seek comfort when distressed and problems with emotion regulation (not easily soothed, excessively timid, hyper sensitive)

little if any reticence with unfamiliar others, do not look back to the attention seeking, sometimes inappropriate physical contact

social deprivation and neglect

RAD more responsive to enhanced quality of caregiving than DSED

DSED more difficult to treat, "bottomless pit."

1. inadequate, inattentive, inconsistent and intrusivecare
2. psychopathologyin parent
3. in children: difficulttemperament, genetic vulnerability and neurologicaldifficultie

1. social neglect deprivation
2. reoeated change sof primary caregivers
3. rearing in settins that limit forming selectiev attachements

enhance positive parenting

attachment and biobehavioral catchup(ABC)

placement in better caregiving environments

home visits and parenting education/ support

infant parent psychotherapy