1What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, blood acidity regulation, heat and water removal, air filtration, and sense of smell
2What structures make up the upper respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, and larynx above the vocal cords
3What is the primary role of the nasal cavity?
To warm, filter, and humidify incoming air
4What is the function of the pharynx?
Passageway for air and food, warming, humidifying, and serving as a resonance chamber for sound
5What does the epiglottis do?
Closes off the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
6What is the function of the trachea?
Maintains airflow, filters, warms, and humidifies air, and has a cough reflex
7Where does the trachea divide into the bronchi?
At the carina, near the 5th thoracic vertebra
8How many alveoli are there in an adult lung?
Approximately 150 million
9What is Boyle's Law in relation to breathing?
The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
10What muscles are primarily involved in quiet respiration?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
11What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath, about 500 mL
12What is Dalton's Law?
The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases
13What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse
14What is external respiration?
The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood
15What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gases between the blood and body cells
16What is the primary control center for respiration?
The respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata
17What do central chemoreceptors monitor?
Levels of CO₂ in the cerebrospinal fluid
18What effect does an increase in CO₂ have on breathing?
Increases respiration rate to expel CO₂
19Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
In the aortic arch and carotid bodies
20What does the larynx do in addition to being an air passageway?
Produces sound and protects the lower respiratory tract
21What are the main components of the respiratory membrane?
Squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells of capillaries, and a fused basement membrane
22What is the role of the pleura?
To reduce friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing
23What is the pleural cavity?
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura, containing serous fluid
24What is the importance of the hilum of the lung?
It is the entry and exit point for bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves
25What is the significance of the respiratory surface area in the alveoli?
Allows for efficient gas exchange due to a large surface area
26How does Henry's Law relate to respiration?
The amount of gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure
27What does the oxygen dissociation curve show?
The relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
28What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation
29What is expiratory reserve volume?
The additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
30What is residual volume?
The air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation