1What is the third line of defense?
*Adaptive immunity: specialized lymphocytes (T and B), antibodies
2Difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
-innate is nonspecifc, and provides defense against any pathogen
-adaptive immunity, specific antibody (humoral immunity) and lymphocyte response to an antigen
3Ag stands for
Antigen= substances that cause the body to produce specifc antibodies or sensitized T-cells
4Ab stands for
Antibody= proteins made in response to an antigen (continues to combine with antigen)
5Ab are also known as
immunoglobulins
6T or F adaptive immunity is acquired over a life-time of exposure to antigens
True
7What is adaptive immunity dependent on?
on resident populations of lymphocytes that have antigen specificity
8Response time of adaptive immunity?
-delayed, takes time for lymphocytes and antibody amounts to clear infection
9Role of memory in adaptive immunity?
-previous exoposure leads to memory
-memory leads to stronger response to re-exposure
-purpose of vaccination
10Adaptive immunity is "tolerant" in what capactiy?
-helps distinguish between self-antigens and pathogenic antigens
11What is humoral immunity? What's being produced and by whom?
-involved antiboidies (Ab) produced by B cells
12What is cell-mediated immunity?
-involves T-cells
13What is antiserum?
serum that contains Abs (immunoglobulins) against specific antigens
14What are globulins?
-serum proteins including Abs or immunoglobulins (Ig)
15Three main steps of Adaptive Immune resonse?
-activation
-proliferation and differentiation
-effector action and consequence
16How do B and T cells differentiate from one another?
-stem cells differentiate into B cells in adult red bone marrow
-stem cells differentiate to T cells in the thymus
*they both migrate to lymphoid tissue after)
17What are primary lymphoid organs? What occurs there?
-lymphocyte origin and maturation
-bone marrow
-thymus
18What are secondary lymphoic organs? What occurs there?
-where lymphocytes gather to contact antigens
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-tonsils
-malt
-galt (peyers patches)
-SALT
19What is T-cell receptor (TCR)?
-only recognizes antigen presented by body's own cells
20What are antigens?
-molecule that reacts specifically with antibody, B-cell receptor, T-cell receptor
21Antigens contain many...
epitodes
22Antigens that elicit immune response are known as
-immunogenic
23What are haptens?
-small molecules that are not immunogenic unless presented by carriers
24What are the two types of antigens?
*T-dependent
*T-independent
25Explain how T-dependent antigens work?
B cell activation requires confirmation from the T cells
26Explain how T-independent antigens work?
when LPS (lipopolysaccharid) and other molecuels can activate B cells without T cells
27What is antigenicity (immunogenicity)?
-measure of how well an antigen elicits an immune response
28What molecule ellicits the strongest immune response?
strongest= proteins
medium= carbohydrates
weakest= nucleic acids and lipids
29What is threshold dose?
-the amount of antigen needed to generate an optimal response
30Impact that low dose of antigen has on adaptive immunity?
optimal response not initiated
31Impact that high dose of antigens have on adaptive immunity?
-B cell tolerance
32What are the three main regions on antibody structure?
-constant region (c) region that is the same for a particular class of antibodies
-Fc region (bind to complement after attachment)
-Varibale region (V) (unique to each antibody
33How are classes/isotypes of antibodies distinguished?
-heavy chain (constant region)
-light chain
34What are 5 heavy chains (constant region)?
-IgA
-IgE
-IgG
-IgD
-IgM
35What are two types of light chain?
-kappa
-lamda
36What happens at the Fc region of the antibody?
-reacts with complement or binds to surface of cells (like macrophages)
37Similarities and differences between IgG, IgD, and IgE
-are all monomers (y shaped)
-half life in serum varies (G=3 weeks), (D=3 days), (E=2 days)
38IgE cross linking is associated with?
-mast cells and inflammation
39What are antibody isotypes?
types or classes of antibodies in related species
40What are allotypes in terms of antibodies?
allotype: sequence variation between the same isotype (includes constant regions) in the same species
41What are Idiotype in terms of antibodies?
-sequece variations between variable regions
42What antibodies from mother protects fetus and newborns?
IgG
-it gradually degrades over 6 month period
-baby absorbs it in intestional tract
43Fun facts about B cells?
-unique antigen receptors
-produces one type of antibody
-activated by both antigen and T-cells
44T or F, B cells can be activated without T cells.
True, by T-independent antigen
45How do lymphocytes change as they encounter antigens?
-plasma cells (secrete antibodies)
-memory cells
46Describe B-cell activation by T-dependent antigens?
-b cell receptor detects antigen, endosome formed within, antigen is degraded into peptide fragments and are presented to cell surface so T cell can recognize it