Topics 9 & 10: Mitosis and Meiosis

Technique that separates a complex mixture into its components based on solubility (polarity).

Carotene = least polar; Xanthophyll (zeaxanthin) = more polar; Chlorophyll b = most polar.

Graph showing how much light a pigment absorbs at various wavelengths; pigments together capture more of the light spectrum.

CO₂ fixation stores energy in carbohydrates (glucose, starch). Lugol's iodine stains starch to show where photosynthesis occurs.

The process cells use to grow, replicate DNA, and divide into two identical daughter cells.

Includes G1, S, and G2 phases; DNA exists as uncoiled chromatin.

Cell grows and carries out normal functions.

DNA replication occurs.

Cell prepares for mitosis.

Includes mitosis (nuclear division/chromosome separation) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

Resting state for non-dividing cells (e.g., muscle, nerve cells).

G1 Checkpoint: Cell size, nutrients, DNA damage, growth factors; G2 Checkpoint: DNA replication completion; M Checkpoint: Chromosomes aligned at metaphase plate.

Division of the nucleus producing two genetically identical daughter cells.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase — main stages of mitosis.

Nuclear membrane disappears; chromosomes condense; spindle forms.

Chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up at the metaphase plate.

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

Nuclear membranes reform; spindle breaks down; chromosomes uncoil.

Division of the cytoplasm; forms two separate daughter cells.

Uncoiled DNA + proteins (during interphase).

Condensed DNA + proteins (during mitosis).

Complete set of an organism's genetic material.

Identical copies of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere.

Region where sister chromatids attach.

Microtubule-organizing center of the cell.

Cylinder-shaped structure composed of microtubule triplets.

Number of sets of chromosomes in a cell.

Two copies of each chromosome (e.g., humans 2n = 46).

One copy of each chromosome (e.g., gametes, n = 23).

Pair of chromosomes with the same genes but possibly different alleles (one from each parent).

Cell division producing four haploid gametes; genetic diversity increased.

Separates homologous chromosomes, reducing ploidy (2n → n).

Separates sister chromatids, similar to mitosis.

Two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation; each gamete gets one allele.

Alleles of unlinked genes assort independently during gamete formation.

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Variant form of a gene (e.g., A vs. a).

Two identical alleles (AA or aa).

Two different alleles (Aa).

Dominant allele: Expressed (A); Recessive allele: Hidden unless homozygous (a).

Tool to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Cross tracking two traits; shows independent assortment of alleles.

DNA is uncoiled and exists as chromatin (DNA + histone proteins).

DNA is highly coiled into chromosomes.