Icing, Anatomy, Turns, Forces of Flight

Rime Ice
- rough, milky, opaque
- formed by rapid freezing of super cooled droplets as they strike leading edge
- rough surface can decrease the aerodynamic efficiency, but it not too severe because it is light than clear ice

Clear Ice
- glossy, transparent
- formed by relativly slow freezing of super cooled water
- denser, harder, and sometimes more transparent than rime ice
- harder to remove than rime ice

Mixed Ice
- combination of rime and clear
- roughness and weight can affect aerodynamic factors

Frost
- ice crystal deposits formed by sublimination when the temperatrue and dewpoint are below freezing
- forms in clear, stable air with light winds
- needs to be removed from airfoils before takeoff
Hazards:
- heavy coat of hard frost can cause 5-10% increase in stall speeds
- small amount of frost on airfoils can make it harder to become airborne at normal takeoff speeds

Trace
- not hazardous as long as its not kept on for an extended period of time
Light
- clearly visible
- requires anti-ice or deicing equipment to prevent or remove its accumulation
Moderate
- can be hazardous
- must be removed or diversion plan must be used if it cant be removed
Severe
- very dangerous
- so bad that deicing and anti icing equipment may fail to work on it
- diversion and emergency landing is always mandatory

Rudder
- primary flight control
- controls rotation about vertical axis (yaw)
Trim Tabs
- adjust by pilot to relieve elevator pressure
Elevator
- primary flight control surace
- controls movment about lateral axis (pitch)
Horiziontal Stabilizer
- fixed wing section that provides stability for the aircraft
Flaps
- high life device used to reduce stall speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight
Ailerons
- moveable part of the airplane wing that allows the aircraft to roll around its longitudinal axis (roll)

- life, weight, thrust, drag

1- horiziontal lift
2- centrifugal force

- allows for creation of lift
- increase in speed of air occurs simultaneously with decrease in pressure and airs potential energy
- air passing above wing accelerates creating a area of low pressure above the wing. This pressure differential pushes wing upward creating lift

Is the angle between the realtive wind and the chord line. When it is exceeded plane stalls.

Centrifugal force = horiziontal life

- when centrifugla force is less than horiziontal lift
- achieved when you make the nose go towards the inside of the turn, and alierons go opposite way of the nose

- when centrifugal force is greater than the horiziontal component of lift
- rudder is outside of turn (nose) and alierons are into the turn

- the proportion between the life and weight in a level turn
- measured in G's which is a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity on a body at rest and indicates the force to which a body is subjected to when its accelerated

Torque
- propeller naturally turns clockwise which puts pressure on the left landing gear since the force generated is pushed that way
Gyroscopic Precession
- gyro stays 90 degrees ahead of the rotation to remain in place, meaning that there is an extra force 90 degrees ahead of the force generated by the propeller pushing the planes nose to the left
Spiraling Slipstream
- when the propwash from the propeller spirals around the airplane in a corkscrew pattern hitting the vertical stabilizer causing the natural yawing motion to the left
P-Factor
- prop is a airfoil itself that creates lift like a extra wing
- when you increase AOA the right side of the prop creates more lift than the left side
- ultimately causes plane to yaw to the left

Definition: a rapid decrease in left cause by the seperation of the airflow from the wings surface which occurs when the critical AOA is exceeded. It can occur at any pitch, altitude, or airspeed

Approach (Poweroff)
- as airspeed decreases, AOA must be increased to retain the lift required to hold your altitude
Departure (Power On)
- critical AOA can be reached when climbing too steeply to avoid a obstable
Turning
- single AOA must be increased as ban increases, the plane gets closer to exceeding critical AOA
Accelerated Stall
- stall that occurs at an airspeed higher than normal because of a higher load factor imposed on the aircraft

Static Stability
- initial tendancy or direction of momvement back to equilibrium

Dynamic Stability
- initial tendancy to return to equilibrium that the aircraft displays after being disturbed from its trimmed condition

Positive static stability: initial tendancy of the aircraft to return to its original state of equilibrium after being distrubed

Neutral Static Stability: aircrafts ability to remain in a new condition after being disturbed

Negative Static Stability: aircrafts tendancy to continue away from the original state of equilibrium after being disturbed

Positive: over time, motion of displaced object returns to equilibrium

Neutral: once disturbed aircraft neither increases or decreases amplitude meaning it does attempt to stray further away or go back to its regular path

Negative: aircraft displacement increases and becomes more divergent