GATech BIOS 1208 Unit 1 - Biodiversity

A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between different species

Formation of new species

One or more groups of organisms that form an evolutionary unit

A taxon and all its ancestors

A characteristic present in related species and their common ancestors

The least related taxon in a tree

A common ancestor and all of its descendants

A monophyletic group which one or more descendants are excluded

A monophyletic group which lacks the common ancestor

Phylogenetic trees with a timescale

The earliest eon, before compelling evidence of life (4.6 BYA - 4.0 BYA)

The eon which contains the evolution of early life (4.0 BYA - 2.5 BYA)

The eon which contains oxygen accumulation and the flourishing of early microbial life (2.5 BYA - 542 MYA)

Rapid increase in animal and plant life (542 MYA - Now)

The first living organisms, containing bacteria and archaea

Bacterial cell walls are made of this

Archaean cell walls are made of this

A method of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes

The transfer of information through plasmids, a process that makes classifying the relatedness of prokaryotes difficult

Organisms that obtain their energy from light

Organisms that obtain their energy from chemical compounds

Organisms that obtain carbon from inorganic sources

Organisms that obtain carbon from other organisms

The time span where cyanobacteria produced free oxygen that reacted with iron to precipitate out of the ocean

The theory that states an Archaean cell absorbs an aerobic bacterial cell that eventually resulted in the mitochondria

The first cyanobacteria arose in this eon

The first single-celled eukaryotes arose in this eon

The first multicellular algae arose in this eon

The first multicellular animals arose in this eon

The Cambrian explosion occurred at the start of this eon

Two engulfment events resulted in chloroplasts, this is the lineage that included green plants

Two engulfment events resulted in chloroplasts, this is the lineage that included amoebas

Cells with Nuclei, Mitochondria, A Cytoskeleton, Linear Chromosomes, Mitosis, Meiosis

Number of copies of each chromosome

1n Ploidy

2n Ploidy

The joining of male and female gametes

The observed organism is haploid, the zygote immediately undergoes meiosis and produces spores

The observed organism is diploid, the zygote undergoes mitosis and spores are never produced

Organisms with this life cycle have both a haploid and diploid multicellular state

The diploid multicellular state in alternation of generations

The haploid multicellular state in alternation of generations

Any eukaryote that does not fall into the category of plant, animal, or fungus

Can't dry out, external support structure, sperm and egg can swim to each other, water filters out UV light

Sunlight is more abundant, carbon dioxide is more abundant, early lack of predators

Prevents plants from drying out through evaporation

Pores on a plant that allow for the exchange of gases

Anchors plants and allows for water absorption

Fungi that surround plant roots to help them obtain water and minerals

A thin, rootlike structure that anchors plants and absorbs water and nutrients

Nonvascular plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts that are physically tied to water and have a gametophyte-dominated life

Seedless vascular plants like ferns and horsetails that still require water for reproduction and the sporophyte is larger than the free living gametophyte

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Vascular tissue that moves sugars throughout a plant

Substance in plants that makes their cell walls rigid

Seeded, nonflowering plants like trees that use pollen and seeds to produce and protect sperm and eggs respectively and also have attached gametophytes

Flowering plants that allow for pollinators to move pollen, have double fertilization, have fruits, and attached gametophytes

A nutrient-rich tissue that grows alongside a sperm cell in some plants

Name the Phanerozoic Eon's periods

(Camels Often Sit Down Carefully; Perhaps Their Joints Creak? Please Need Quick!)

Name the Phanerozoic Eon's Eras

In Alternation of Generations, when the haploid gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte

In Alternation of Generations, when the sporophyte is larger than the gametophyte, which is free-living

The substance that makes up fungal cell walls

The external digestion of food, used by fungi

The body of a multicellular fungus

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Fungi produce spores in reproductive structures called

Enzymes which digest organic matter for fungi

Fusion of two haploid cells with independent nuclei

The fusion of nuclei to form a diploid nucleus

Fungi that get their energy from decaying organic matter

A group of similar cells that exist in all plants except for sponges

Animals that have true tissues

The phylum that likely includes the first eumetazoan

The concentration of nerves in a single area

An animal that develops from two embryonic germ layers

An animal that develops from three germ layers

The outermost germ layer

The innermost germ layer

A fluid filled body cavity

The middle germ layer in a triploblast

Ancestors of roundworms, the first to develop a complete digestive system

Species and lineage that lost the coelom and the complete digestive system, they also have two nerve cords

Tiny tubes in insect body that deliver oxygen directly to metabolizing tissues

Belly-side nerve cord

Back-side nerve cord

Sponges that lack true tissue and symmetry

Flatworms, but not true flatworms

Group of organisms with cephalization, mouth-first digestive tract, organ systems

The phylum of insects

The anus develops first in the digestive tract

All animals with a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, and a muscular post-anal tail

A flexible rod that supports a chordate's back

Nerve cord found in all chordates that forms the spinal cord and brain

Slits that allow for the filtering of water and food

The space behind your mouth, your throat

Structure that allows for locomotion in water and balance

Chordates with a cranium

Only living species with a skull but no vertebral column or jaw

Chordates that have a vertebral column

Jawless fish species without jaw

Living agnathostomes

Vertebrates that have a jaw

Early example of gnathostomes

Fish that have a skeleton of cartilage

Fish with bony skeletons and lungs

Lobe-finned fishes

four-limbed vertebrates

An intermediate species between lobe fins and limbs

frogs, toads, and salamanders that live in both aquatic and land stages in life

Reptiles, birds, and mammals that are able to reproduce on land due to a specialized egg

Ancestors of reptiles, birds, dinosaurs, snakes, and lizards

Class of animals with scaly skin made of keratin

Solid skull with no holes behind eyes

Skull with two holes on each side of the head

An animals that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings

Class of birds

Warm blooded animals

Ancestors of mammals, single hole behind each eye in skull

Class of mammals

Placental mammals

Mammals that carry their young in a pouch

Mammals that lay eggs

Precambrian supercontinent

Most recent supercontinent

The first mass extinction, second largest, likely caused by glaciation and global warming

The second mass extinction, primarily affected marine species, causes are unknown

The third and largest mass extinction, likely caused by extended volcanic activity

The fourth mass extinction, causes are unclear

The fifth mass extinction, a meteor impact that wiped out the dinosaurs

The effect of slight changes in Earth's orbit on the climate

A period of time where the climate was 0.1 - 0.2 C higher than normal

A period of time where the climate cooled 1 C compared to normal