Distributed Cognition and Situated Action
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Distributed cognition
Thinking spread across people and artifacts
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How a Cockpit Remembers Its Speeds (Hutchins)
The whole cockpit remembers, not the pilots alone
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Cockpit long-term memory
Booklet of speed cards
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Cockpit short-term memory
Speed card pinned up for this flight
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Cockpit working memory
Speed bugs on the speedometer
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Distributed cognition and cognitive load
Artifacts take on part of the load
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Social cognition
How social ties form systems, and the thinking behind social interaction
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Situated action
People improvising in new, in-the-moment situations
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Situated action view of tasks
Users define the task as they act
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Situated action and memory
Memory depends on context, so recognition beats recall
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Plans and Situated Actions (Suchman)
Plans are explanations of actions after the fact
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Activity theory
Focus on the activity (why the user does the task)
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Activity theory hierarchy
Activity → actions → operations
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Actions becoming operations
With practice, conscious actions become automatic
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Studying Context (Nardi)
Compares activity theory, situated action, distributed cognition
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Goal-driven theories (Nardi)
Activity theory and distributed cognition
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Activity theory vs distributed cognition
AT sees people and artifacts as different, DC treats them as equal
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Do Artifacts Have Politics? (Winner)
Tech can be inherently political or used for political goals
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Inherently political technology
Only fits certain political structures (nuclear power)
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Technical arrangements as forms of order
Neutral tech used for political goals
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Robert Moses's bridges
Built too low for buses to keep poor people out of parks
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Three goals of HCI
Help with a task, understand a task, change behavior
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Positive change by design
Facebook Like button
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Positive change by happenstance
Bicycle and women's independence
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Negative change by happenstance
Broadband reaching rich areas first
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Fluorescent bulb story
Business and politics shaping technology
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The Industrial Revolution in the Home
Cowan, appliances didn't cut housework time
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Value sensitive design
Building human values into the whole design process
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Privacy by design
Most developed example of value sensitive design
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Three VSD investigations
Conceptual, empirical, technical
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Indirect stakeholders
People affected by a system but not using it
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Usability vs values
A usable system can still violate values
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Right to be forgotten
EU law showing values differ across cultures
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Human as processor
User viewed like a computer (GOMS)
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Human as predictor
User predicts actions and results (gulfs, mental models)
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Human as participant
User in a wider social context (DC, activity theory, politics)
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Gestalt principles
Users group things by closeness, similarity, motion
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Design in grayscale
Color can emphasize but shouldn't be required
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Design principles are...
Necessary but not sufficient, methods are the other half
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Agile development
Early delivery, constant improvement, quick feedback
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Why rapid HCI is possible now
Cheap development, free updates, free usage data
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Boehm and Turner agile conditions
Low criticality, changing requirements, small adaptable teams
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Chamberlain, Sharp, Maiden (2006)
Agile and user-centered design mostly agree
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Agile vs UCD conflicts
Documentation and upfront research
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Parallel track method
HCI design runs one sprint ahead of developers
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Live prototyping
Building real interfaces as easily as prototypes
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A/B testing
Rolling a new version to a few real users to compare
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Agile and the design life cycle
Same cycle, just faster
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Start more traditional
Do foundational need-finding before going agile
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Participatory design
Users are members of the design team
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Action research
Users solve a real problem while studying it
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Design-based research
Outsiders test theory by building interventions
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Audiobook app final design
Hybrid voice and touch
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Design principles vs methods
Principles are lessons from past design cycles
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How Do Design and Evaluation Interrelate
HCI splits by design philosophy, not design vs evaluation
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DCog for InfoVis (Liu)
Cognition emerges from interaction with visuals
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Aware Home
Georgia Tech house used as a living lab
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Spaces and Traces
Smart home tech in public housing raises privacy fears
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Serpentine
Self-powered cord sensor for touch input
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Don't Forget the Teachers
Companies fix technical harms, teachers fear broader ones
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Dark patterns
Deceptive UI that tricks users
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DPTrek
Experiential learning beats static content for teaching dark patterns
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Technosocial change agency
Creating tech to challenge dominant narratives
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Synthetic Human Memories
AI-edited media implants false memories
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