Distributed Cognition and Situated Action
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1
Distributed cognition
Thinking spread across people and artifacts
2
How a Cockpit Remembers Its Speeds (Hutchins)
The whole cockpit remembers, not the pilots alone
3
Cockpit long-term memory
Booklet of speed cards
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Cockpit short-term memory
Speed card pinned up for this flight
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Cockpit working memory
Speed bugs on the speedometer
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Distributed cognition and cognitive load
Artifacts take on part of the load
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Social cognition
How social ties form systems, and the thinking behind social interaction
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Situated action
People improvising in new, in-the-moment situations
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Situated action view of tasks
Users define the task as they act
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Situated action and memory
Memory depends on context, so recognition beats recall
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Plans and Situated Actions (Suchman)
Plans are explanations of actions after the fact
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Activity theory
Focus on the activity (why the user does the task)
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Activity theory hierarchy
Activity → actions → operations
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Actions becoming operations
With practice, conscious actions become automatic
15
Studying Context (Nardi)
Compares activity theory, situated action, distributed cognition
16
Goal-driven theories (Nardi)
Activity theory and distributed cognition
17
Activity theory vs distributed cognition
AT sees people and artifacts as different, DC treats them as equal
18
Do Artifacts Have Politics? (Winner)
Tech can be inherently political or used for political goals
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Inherently political technology
Only fits certain political structures (nuclear power)
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Technical arrangements as forms of order
Neutral tech used for political goals
21
Robert Moses's bridges
Built too low for buses to keep poor people out of parks
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Three goals of HCI
Help with a task, understand a task, change behavior
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Positive change by design
Facebook Like button
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Positive change by happenstance
Bicycle and women's independence
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Negative change by happenstance
Broadband reaching rich areas first
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Fluorescent bulb story
Business and politics shaping technology
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The Industrial Revolution in the Home
Cowan, appliances didn't cut housework time
28
Value sensitive design
Building human values into the whole design process
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Privacy by design
Most developed example of value sensitive design
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Three VSD investigations
Conceptual, empirical, technical
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Indirect stakeholders
People affected by a system but not using it
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Usability vs values
A usable system can still violate values
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Right to be forgotten
EU law showing values differ across cultures
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Human as processor
User viewed like a computer (GOMS)
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Human as predictor
User predicts actions and results (gulfs, mental models)
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Human as participant
User in a wider social context (DC, activity theory, politics)
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Gestalt principles
Users group things by closeness, similarity, motion
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Design in grayscale
Color can emphasize but shouldn't be required
39
Design principles are...
Necessary but not sufficient, methods are the other half
40
Agile development
Early delivery, constant improvement, quick feedback
41
Why rapid HCI is possible now
Cheap development, free updates, free usage data
42
Boehm and Turner agile conditions
Low criticality, changing requirements, small adaptable teams
43
Chamberlain, Sharp, Maiden (2006)
Agile and user-centered design mostly agree
44
Agile vs UCD conflicts
Documentation and upfront research
45
Parallel track method
HCI design runs one sprint ahead of developers
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Live prototyping
Building real interfaces as easily as prototypes
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A/B testing
Rolling a new version to a few real users to compare
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Agile and the design life cycle
Same cycle, just faster
49
Start more traditional
Do foundational need-finding before going agile
50
Participatory design
Users are members of the design team
51
Action research
Users solve a real problem while studying it
52
Design-based research
Outsiders test theory by building interventions
53
Audiobook app final design
Hybrid voice and touch
54
Design principles vs methods
Principles are lessons from past design cycles
55
How Do Design and Evaluation Interrelate
HCI splits by design philosophy, not design vs evaluation
56
DCog for InfoVis (Liu)
Cognition emerges from interaction with visuals
57
Aware Home
Georgia Tech house used as a living lab
58
Spaces and Traces
Smart home tech in public housing raises privacy fears
59
Serpentine
Self-powered cord sensor for touch input
60
Don't Forget the Teachers
Companies fix technical harms, teachers fear broader ones
61
Dark patterns
Deceptive UI that tricks users
62
DPTrek
Experiential learning beats static content for teaching dark patterns
63
Technosocial change agency
Creating tech to challenge dominant narratives
64
Synthetic Human Memories
AI-edited media implants false memories
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