Lecture 3 Yu

Device that measures a physical quantity

Device that alters a physical quantity

Electrical output quantity most commonly produced by sensors in electronic systems

Two modern components commonly packaged together with modern sensors and actuators

Mathematical function represented by f(x) = ax

Mathematical function represented by f(x) = ax + b

Parameter a in the affine sensor model f(x) = ax + b

Parameter b in the affine sensor model f(x) = ax + b

Set of values of a physical quantity that a sensor is capable of measuring

Upper and lower boundary variables defining a sensor operating range

Smallest absolute difference between two physical values that a digital sensor can distinguish

Ratio of a sensor measurement span (H - L) to its precision

Formula for dynamic range ratio D given range limits H, L and precision p

Process of mapping continuous real values into discrete digital representations

Number of distinct discrete states an n-bit digital sensor can represent

Three sequential steps performed by an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

Dynamic range in dB for a 3-bit sensor operating from 0 V to 1 V

Unwanted signal component defined as the difference between measured signal and actual signal

Formula for noise signal n given measured signal x_measured and actual signal x_actual

Noise metric calculated as the square root of the time-average of squared noise

Formula for Signal-to-Noise Ratio in decibels given signal X and noise N

Theoretical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) value when noise is zero

Process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by measuring it at specific points in time

Phenomenon where two distinct continuous-time signals yield the exact same discrete-time signal when sampled

Theorem that determines the minimum sampling rate needed to avoid aliasing

Formula for minimum sampling frequency given maximum signal frequency f_max

Minimum sampling frequency required for a signal with a maximum frequency component of 2000 Hz

Form of non-linearity that occurs when sensor sensitivity is not constant and depends on signal magnitude

Integer multiples of the fundamental signal frequency generated by system non-linearity

Process of filtering, amplifying, or modifying raw sensor signals to eliminate noise or distortion before digital processing