1Philosophers studied human nature by...
speculating, intuiting, and generalizing based on their own experience.
2Modern psychology began...
when researchers came to rely on carefully controlled observation and experimentation to study the human mind.
3Kurt Danziger
Refers to the early philosophical approaches to questions of human nature as the “prehistory” of modern psychology.
4How much of the general public is skeptical of psychology being a science?
70%
5The data of history...
- cannot be restructed or replicated.
- can be restructed or replicated.
6The data of science...
- cannot be restructed or replicated.
- can be restructed or replicated.
7Data Fragments
Pieces of data historians use to try to recreate the events and experiences of the past.
8Historical data can be distorted by...
- being lost by destruction, stealing, etc.
- being hidden or altered.
- faulty translation of language.
9Zeitgeist
The intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times.
10Contextual Forces
- Prejudice and discrimination towards women, Jews, and african americans prevented many of the minority groups from studying.
- World Wars I and II accelerated the growth of applied psychology.
- By 1900, there were three times as many psychologists with doctoral degrees as there were labs to employ them.
- Psychology, as the newest science, received the smallest amount of financial support.
11Personalistic Theory
- The view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the ideas of unique individuals.
- This theory is insufficient to explain the development of a science or a society.
12Naturalistic Theory
- The view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the Zeitgeist, which makes a culture receptive to some ideas but not to others.
- Described by many different people creating simultaneous discoveries across different times.
13School of Thought
- A group of psychologists who become associated ideologically, and sometimes geographically, with the leader of a movement.
- Typically, the members share a theoretical or systematic orientation and investigate similar problems.
14Paradigm
(A model or pattern) is an accepted way of thinking within a scientific discipline that provides essential questions and answers.
15"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
An influential book by Thomas Kuhn advanced the notion of paradigms in scientific evolution.
16Common Paradigm
- The more advanced stage in the development of a science is reached when the majority of the scientists agree on theoretical and methodological issues.
- When a paradigm defines an entire field of study.
17According to modern psychologists, is psychology paradigmatic?
No.