PRELIM

It refers to the increasing integration of national economies through trade, investment, finance, technology, and labor mobility. Advances in transportation, communication, and digital technology have significantly reduced the cost and time required to conduct international trade. These developments have allowed goods, services, and capital to move more freely across borders, strengthening economic interdependence among countries.

are formal and informal arrangements that enable countries to exchange goods and services. Historically, these systems played a crucial role in connecting distant regions and fostering economic globalization. The Silk Road connected China, the Middle East, and Europe, facilitating the trade of silk, spices, and ideas. Similarly, the Galleon Trade that began in 1571 linked Manila and Acapulco, connecting Asia, the Americas, and Europe. These early systems laid the groundwork for modern global trade networks.2

was established in 1944 following World War II to prevent another global economic collapse similar to the Great Depression. Influenced by the ideas of economist John Maynard Keynes, the system promoted economic stability through fixed exchange rates and government intervention during economic crises. It also led to the creation of key international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which provides financial assistance to countries experiencing economic difficulties, and the World Bank, which supports long-term development and reconstruction projects.

is an economic ideology that became dominant during the 1980s. It emphasizes the efficiency of free markets, competition, and private enterprise over government control. (blank) policies promote privatization of state-owned enterprises, reduced government spending, deregulation, and trade liberalization. These policies were widely promoted through the Washington Consensus and implemented by international institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank, particularly in developing economies.m

has produced several significant challenges. These include rising income inequality, weakened labor protections, environmental degradation, and reduced access to essential public services. Developing countries often compete for foreign investment by lowering wages and reducing regulations, leading to what is commonly described as a “race to the bottom.” Consequently, the benefits of globalization are unevenly distributed across nations and social groups.

was caused by weak financial regulation, risky lending practices, and complex financial instruments such as mortgage-backed securities. Financial institutions extended loans to borrowers who lacked the ability to repay them, resulting in widespread loan defaults and the collapse of major banks. This crisis exposed the serious risks associated with unregulated financial markets.

The Global Financial Crisis significantly challenged neoliberal economic principles by demonstrating that markets are not always capable of self-regulation. Governments were forced to intervene by providing bank bailouts, increasing public spending, and strengthening financial regulations. These actions led to a renewed interest in government intervention and Keynesian economic policies, emphasizing the importance of state involvement in maintaining economic stability.

In the contemporary world, economic globalization continues to connect countries through the exchange of goods, services, and investments. Global supply chains and technological advancements have made production and trade more efficient, contributing to economic growth, particularly in developing countries. However, the benefits of globalization remain uneven, as wealthier nations and multinational corporations often gain more advantages, while poorer countries may experience low wages and weak labor and environmental protections.

It deals with problems and issues related to environment, population, wealth, power, tensions and conflicts.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), it is the interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries, through opening of international borders to boost the flow of goods, services, finance, people and ideas
-The word ( blank ) comes from "global" + "- ization," meaning the process of making something global. It first appeared in the 1930s, especially in education, but became more common and took on a clear economic meaning from the 1960s onwards.

refers to the acceleration of movements and exchanges of human resources, goods, services, capital, technologies, and cultural practices across countries, enhancing economic, political, and social relations worldwide.

refers to designing a product in a way that it may readily consumed across multiple countries

is the process by which societies adopt Western culture in various aspects including industry, technology, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, customs, and traditions.

is the development of trade systems within transnational actors such as multinational corporations or NGOs;

refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a consequence, the nations adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture

The development and growing influence of international organizations such as the UN or WHO means governmental action takes place at an international level

the integration of different cultures of different societies become possible

the phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected because of the power of the digital world via platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype or Youtube.

is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the world that is constantly changing.

accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single global entity

It explains how states interact with one another in an increasingly interconnected world.
-This system shapes how states exercise sovereignty, make economic decisions, and respond to global challenges that go beyond national borders.

A state according to ( name ) is an independent political community with a government that asserts sovereignty over a specific territory and population.

allows states to govern themselves, create laws, and manage internal affairs without external control

refers to the interaction among states that are unequal in power and influence. No single state can fully dominate all others. Instead, states engage in shifting alliances, diplomacy, conflicts, and wars.
Within this system, neoliberalism plays a major role. Neoliberalism emphasizes the dominance of capital and the belief that market exchange should guide most human actions. It values efficiency, competition, and contractual relations in the marketplace.
This includes control over trade, taxation, labor policies, and development strategies

What are those major international organizations?

Originated from 130 BCE ago in China under Han dynasty it was opened trade to West (Europe) until 1453 BCE when the Ottoman Empire closed it. - However, ( Blank ) was “International”. It was not truly “Global” because it has no ocean routes that could reach the American Continent.

Base on the historian ( name ) the globalization begin when all the important continent started to exchange products continuously with each other directly and indirectly. - Which they traced way back 1571 with the establishment of Galleon Trade that connected Manila (Philippines) to Acapulco (Mexico). It is the first time that an Asian country connected with Western country.

Originated from the Philippines in the late 15th century until 18th century under the colonization of the Spain to Philippines by management of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. - At the same year that Miguel Lopez de Legazpi boarded the Philippines, the navigator Andres de Urdaneta discovered the return route way back to Acapulco and soon become the route for (blank)

refers to the place where the exchange of products happens Integration – is a process of uniting something to become one.

is a process of uniting the market to become a larger one

A company seeks to acquire a raw material distributor or provider at the beginning of a supply chain.

A company expands control of the distribution process and sale of its finished products with ( Blank ).

(blank) are large parent companies with smaller independent entities that may operate across multiple industries. –(James Chen)

It is the collection of all laws, norms, policies, and institutions that define, constitute and mediate trans-borders between states.

entities established by treaty among three or more states to foster cooperation, set international norms, and address global issues like security, trade, and health.

It is the UN specialized agency responsible for directing and coordinating international health, founded in 1948 to promote, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable.

(WHO)

It is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trades.

(WTO)

A global organization of 195 countries working to ensure the stability of the
(blank), promote economic growth, facilitate trade, and reduce poverty by providing financial assistance, policy advice, and technical support to member nations facing economic challenges.

(IMF)

It Is an international organization that provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to developing countries to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity.

is an international organization that is taking the lead in facilitating global dialouge to uphold the global harmony among nation-states and strengthen their interconnectivity and interrelationship.

is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states or international organizations, establishing obligations under international law, covering topics from peace and trade to human rights, and acting like contracts between nations, with rules governed by documents.

Challenges of Global Governance

Is the foundational treaty of the UN, signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco and effective from 24 October 1945. It codifies major principles of international relations, including sovereign equality, prohibition of the use of force, and the promotion of human rights.

central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Provides a complete framework for the establishment, maintenance and termination of diplomatic relations on a basis of consent between independent sovereign States.

Are four 1949 international treaties, supported by three Additional Protocols, forming the core of international humanitarian law. They mandate humane treatment, protection for civilians, wounded soldiers, and prisoners of war during armed conflict. Universally ratified, they limit the barbarity of war.