1What do most galaxies have?
A black hole
2What makes a black hole active?
If there is matter sent into it
3What determines their shape in your perspective
Your line of sight
4What kind of energy does AGNs produce
Either thermal or nonthermal
5Where does the observations about AGNs come from
James Webb telescope, Hubble telescope, VLT interferometer, and Chandra orbiting telescope
6What do quasars look like?
They look like "quasistellar radio sources"
7What kind of waves come from quasars
They radiate all waves from the electromagetic spectrum
8What two wavelengths do they excessively emit
UV and IR
9What is a redshift
A redshift shows us how distant an object is
10How far away are quasars estimated to be
1000 galaxies
11What is a quasar
It is an active galactic nuclues with a black hole
12Why are quasars seen at high redshifts
Because they are far away, they must have been made during the early universe
13What gives evidence for universe expansion
Hubble Constant
14How long is the hubble constant
70 km/s per mega parsec
15What would the age of the universe if the expansion was constant?
14 billion years
16What age would an open universe be
Between 9-14 billion years old
17What kind of space curvature would an open universe have
A negative space curvature
18What age would a closed universe be
It would be less than 9 billion years old
19What kind of shape would the closed universe be
A positive space curvature
20What implies the universe is open
Density of luminous matter, estimate for amount of dark matter, and 1/3 of critical value
21What are the oldest ages for stars in globular clusters
12 billion years
22Who found the cosmic microwave background
Penzias and Wilson
23What is the uniform temperature of the universe?
2.7 Kelvin
24How old was the universe when it released the radiation?
The universe was 370,000 years old
25Is a few hundred thousand years enough time for the universe to reach the same temperature?
No
26What evidence best fits with a critical density with zero curvature universe?
Spots that have mass-energy that is not visible and dark matter
27Why did the oldest stars have their hydrogen already converted to helium
When the stars were born, after a few minutes, it made the right optimization for fusion
28Why couldn't the stars start fusion earlier or later
If couldn't make the stars fuse earlier since they were too hot; It couldn't make it later since the density was too low for atoms to collide and fuse
29When protons and neutrons were made, what were the ratios
1 to 1
30What happened to the ratio of protons to neutrons after the nucleusynthesis period
Protons 7 : Neutrons 1
31What were the stars made of after nuceosythnesis
1/4 helium, 3/4 hydrogen
32Name the forces from first to last that were born after the Big Bang
Gravity, Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear force, Electromagnetic force
33When did inflation happen with space
When strong nuclear force was born into the world
34What is "pair production"
When energy and matter can transform into each other
35When does pair production start to happen?
When the electromagenetic force and and weak nuclear force were born
36When did pair production stop
When the universe was 1 second old
37What does the data tell us about the expansion rate of the galaxy
That the accelerating force is moving at a faster rate
38What was causing the slowing down of the expansion of the universe
Gravity
39What makes up the other 2/3s of the critical mass of the universe
Dark energy
40How old is the universe, including the effect of acceleration
It is more than 13.8 billion years old
41What is the name of the equation that predicts the amount of intelligent beings in the universe
The Drake Equation
42What factors are in the drake equation
Number of stars
Fraction of stars that are not binary or mutliple
The fractoin with long lifetimes and reasonable luminosity
The fraction with planets
The number of nice planets per star
43What are the hard parts to calculate in the equation
Biology
Evolution
How long a technical civilization survive
44Is there evidence that aliens have visited us?
No
45What is the way we try to communicate with aliens?
Radio communication
46What wavelength is the best for communication
21-cm