PSC 150 Exam 1

humans need frequent interaction within an ongoing relational bond

stronger social networks predict good health outcomes

measured the amount of social network of people for nine years

social isolation predicts higher mortality

participants with 1-3 network roles were much more likely to develop a cold than those with 6 or more social network roles

having low quality marriage predicts poorer health and elevated mortality rates

people tend to say that they experience physical "pain" when faced with social rejection

it showed that the brain reaction to rejection parallels the pattern that occurs following physical pain

to discover truth

the tendency to believe that you "knew it all along" avter learning that an event happened because it just "made sense"

is isn't clear what is true, it is contradictory

asks very hard questions, participants may learn something they wish they hadn't or learn that they didn't know something they wish they did

a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

a testable, falsifiable, prediction made by a theory

description of an abstract property in concrete, measurable terms

the tendency for a measure to produce consistent results whenever it's used to measure the same thing

the extent to which a measurement and a topic are conceptually related

graphical representation of the measurement of a sample

average

middle measurement

most frequent measurement

deliberately manipulated

measured to see if the independent variable affects it

uses new tech/theory

normal life adjacent

each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition of the independent variable (determined by chance, not selection)

the association between two variable, useful in situations that have ethical/practical limits

the cause of something might also be caused by the thing itself

another variable may influence the results of a study

sign/magnitude indicates direction/strength of association

asking people about their past experiences

follow people over time (best design if possible)

asking people about their thoughts/feelings

coding overt behaviors (recording/filming)

levels of hormones in blood/saliva, heart rate, muscle tension, brain scans

photographs, diaries, public media

galapagos mockingbirds differed in subtle ways, leading him to think that species change over time

organisms in a population possess traits to different degrees (random variation)

competition for mates between individuals of the same sex, resulting in differential mating and reproductive success

when members of a given sex compete with one another to drive away or kill their rivals (other sex is passive)

competition with other members of one's sex to be chosen by the other sex (other sex is active)

females and males of a species look and act differently from each other

honest advertisments that indicate robust good health and high fertility, which is costly to maintain

features of organisms that arose in the through natural selection because they directly or indirectly contributed to reproductive success

males typically compete for the attention

females have more to lose from poor mating choices

development pattern of a species is subject to selection pressures

big vs small, long life vs short life, reproduce quickly vs slowly

the contribution of each parent to retain its integrity

natural selection changes the frequency of genes

small bands, semi nomadic, egalitarian (fluid leadership)

large, very immature at birth

extended network of older kin aids in caring for offspring

presence of grandmother reduces a child's mortality dramatically

strong bonds between two mates, less dimorphism equals more bonding

throughout development we learn from each other and by trial and error

evolution equipped humans with specific adaptations designed to overcome specific problems that would have occured repeatedly in our ancestral past

mental adaptations served a function in ancestral environments

mate preferences, jealousy, short-term sexual strategies

a strong emotional bond between caretaker and child

mom satisfies hunger, pleasure, associating mom with pleasure, love for mom

monkeys loved the cloth mother and hated the wire mother, and the source of milk was irrelevant

innate predisposition to attach to a soft and warm body, attachment system

humans have a fundamental attachment need

the elimination of anxiety and discomfort to achieve calmness

caregivers change their behavior to accomidate the signals from the infant (feeling distressed when infant cries, happy when infant smiles)

staying near caregiver

seeking out caregiver for comfort when distressed

establishing an anchor to facilitate exploration

protest, despair, and emotional detachment

experience-based expectations about the self's worthiness and other's responsiveness

model of self and model of others

measured attachment styles

distressed when caregiver leaves but easily comforted during reunion, caregivers are available and attentive at home

unbothered when caregiver leaves and returns, caregivers deflect infant's bids for comfort at home

anxious throughout test and both seeks and rejects caregiver during reunion, caregivers are inconsistent at home

a person's characteristic pattern of expectations, needs, emotions, and behavior in social interactions and close relationships

applied the three infant attachment styles to adult relationships that was assessed in a self-report

splits "avoidant" category into "dismissing" and "fearful"

anxiety over abandonment (model of self), avoidance of closeness (model of others)

attachment security predicts having relationships characterized by greater satisfaction and less conflict

wanting to be near partner

turning to partner in times of need

encouragement when things are good

cads vs dads, some males within a species might be interested in more casual, short-term relationships than being husband material

a person's experience of how happy they generally are in life

how good or bad someone judges their relationship to be

change from one relationship status to another

a bias that can arise in research becuase preexisting characteristics of people lead them to chose certain experiences

association between two phenomena where one causes improvement or benefits in the other

the view that social relationships regulate how individuals behave by encouraging people to confrom to social norms

the mutual influence two people have over each other, both members have the ability to affect each other's thoughts, feelings, choices, and behaviors

a relationship that is formal and task-oriented, shaped more by the social roles individuals are filling than by their unique personal qualities

an interdependent relationship between two people who consider each other to be special and unique

a property of relationships that is reflected in strength, frequency, and diversity of the influences partners have over each other

characterized by strong, sustained, mutual influence across a wide range of interactions