1what is compositional semantics?
cs allows languages to construct complex meanings from the combinations of simpler elements
2what is semantics?
study of words and their meaning in a language.
3tautologies
sentences that are always true
4contradictions
sentences that are always false / negation of another sentence (contrast)
5what are the types of ambiguity?
syntatic ambiguity and lexical ambiguity
6when compositionality goes awry anomalous
syntactically fine but contains semantic violation
7when compositionality goes awry uninterpretable
nonsense words
8when compositionality goes awry metaphors
sentences that seen to be anomalous but are understood in terms of meaningful concept
9when compositionality goes awry idiom
phrases w meanings that cannot be predicted
10lexical semantic sense
the manner in which the expression presents the reference
11what are the types of lexical semantics?
referent and sense
12what are the types for lexical relations?
- synonyms,
- antonyms
- homonyms or homophones
- homographs
- heteronyms
- polysemous
- hyponyms
- sense
- contradictions
13homonyms
- words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently (dove and dove)
- words that have different meanings but pronounced the same (bare and bear)
- words are spelled the same (bear and bear) (dove and dove)
14homographs
- words are spelled the same (bear and bear) (dove and dove)
- words that have different meanings but pronounced the same (bare and bear)
- words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently (dove and dove)
15heteronyms
- words that have different meanings but pronounced the same (bare and bear)
- words are spelled the same (bear and bear) (dove and dove)
- words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently (dove and dove)
16polesemous
got multiple meanings conceptually or historically
17hyponyms
a general term for specific instance
18give examples of complimentary antonym
alive/dead, present/absent, awake/asleep
19give examples of gradable pairs antonyms
big/small, short/tall
20give examples of rational antonyms
giveeceive, buy/sell, employees/employer
21what is the meaning of autoantonyms /contranyms?
words that their own antonym like dust -> scatter particles emove dust.
223 semantic features of nouns
classifiers, count noun, mass noun
23what is semantic features?
properties that are part of word meanings and the knowledge reflection about the words mean
242 types of semantic features of verbs?
eventives or statives
25give example of intrasitive verbs
live, cry, laugh, stand, wait, sleep, cuz it has no arguments
26give example of distransitive verbs
send, show, tell, teach, bring, give, cuz it has two additional arguments (direct n indirect object)
27give example of transitive verb
address, borrow, bring, raise, pay, find, cuz it has an additional argument (direct obj)
28what are thematic roles
attempt to capture similarities and differences in verb meaning that r reflected in argument expression.
29what are the 6 roles of thematic roles
agent (who did it), theme (the main thing in that sentence), goal (the goalof that sentence), source (from what), instruments (the thing they use), experiencer (who experience it).
30what is pragmatics?
study of words and their meaning in a language with concern of their context.
31what is deixis (situational context)
words or expressions whose referece depend on the situational context
32pronouns (linguistic context)
cuz they got their meaning from noun phrase
33what is implicatures?
inference
34give 4 types of maxims
maxims of quality, quantity, relation and manner
35which maxim is showing the truth?
- maxim of quality
- maxim of quantity
- maxim of relation
- maxim of manner
36which maxim is showing information?
- maxim of quality
- maxim of quantity
- maxim of relation
- maxim of manner
37which maxim is showing relevance?
- maxim of quality
- maxim of quantity
- maxim of relation
- maxim of manner
38which maxim is showing the clarity?
- maxim of quality
- maxim of relation
- maxim of quantity
- maxim of manner
39what are maxim of conversations?
a set of observation that describe how pipol communicate when they want to be properly understood by others,
40Violation: "Where did you go yesterday?"
Response: "somewhere on this earth"
- manner
- quality
- quantity
- relation
41- Violation: "How do I get to your place?"
- Response: "Just follow your instincts" (instead of giving clear directions).
- quality
- manner
- quantity
- relation
42- Violation: "How was the movie?"
- Response: "It was interesting" (while knowing it was boring).
- quality
- quantity
- relation
- manner
43- Violation: "Tell me about your new job."
- Response: "Did you know cats sleep 16 hours a day?"
- manner
- quantity
- quality
- relation
44examples of performative verbs in speech acts?
bet, dare, challenge