Poli-102 Mid-Term

The study of the interactions of states and other actors in the international system. To gain intercultural skills and an understanding of global markets, societies, global problems and countries outside the United States.

Global Actors have the AUTONOMOUS capacity to determine their own purposes and interests
- They should have the CAPABILITY to mobilize human and material resources to achieve these purposes and interests
- Their actions should be significant enough to INFLUENCE states or non-state actors
- Two Types: State(U.S.) and Non-State (ex: McDonalds)

- It is the integration of markets, values, politics, and environmental concerns across borders.
- States can no longer fully control their economy, Communications are immediate and individuals can reach the world through social media, Many threats and risks can no longer be an individual problem, but is global problem.
- Ex: 2008 Great Recession

Political: The measure of political cooperation between countries
- Many risks and threats can no longer be addressed by individual states alone.

Economic: countries that trade with many others and have few trade barriers are economically globalized
- states can no longer fully control their economies.

Social: A measure of how information and ideas pass between people in their own country and between different countries.
- Communications are immediate and individuals can reach the world through social media.

Capitalism begets inequality. Benefits are not shared equally.
- Global internet access: 63%
- That means 2.9 billion people do not have access.
- Smartphone ownership: 45%**
- 4.3 billion: no smartphone.

I agree with this assessment because western culture is being spread to other countries around the world. For example, McDonalds is an American company and holds American culture and values in it so when there is McDonalds all around the world this is spreading Western culture to those parts.

The conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism religions.

- Sovereignty and sovereign equality
- Institutionalized a system of international relations rooted in state sovereignty.

rule and authority over your own territory, without control from a higher legal authority.

the right or desire of distinct national groups to become states and to rule themselves.

a state of affairs in which there is parity and stability among competing forces, and no one state is sufficiently strong to dominate all the others.

They are total wars because all of society is mobilized to help fight the war and there is no distinction between a civilian and a soldier. For example, the atomic bombs that the US dropped on Japan targeted civilians and soldiers.

When there are multiple world powers at a time that have military influence.
- Ex: Before WWII the world was multipolarity

When there are two world powers that have military influence.
- Ex: during the cold war, US and USSR

When there is one world power that has military influence.
- Ex: first 10 years after WWII the US was the only economic and military power.

To stop the spread of communsim.

They created the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which was a mutual defense treaty of the Soviet bloc (eight states).

Détente

Rapprochement

is when a country uses military coercion, or payments to get what they want.
- Ex: Russia is using military force to try and take over Ukraine

is when a country does not use military coercion, or payments to get what they want. Use Negotiation.
- Ex: Foreign exchange programs are used

is a combination of hard and soft power.
- Ex: The US has sanctions on North Korea and also uses negotiations to prevent nuclear war.

The USSR left North Korea and Kim il-sung came into power and he fought and used guerilla warefare against the Japanese in WWII. Kim il-sung as leader invaded South Korea in hope of forcibly unifying the two countries into one. There was UN intervention, led by the US and an armistice agreement was signed in 1953 and the fighting stopped and the two countries stayed serparated just like today.

- USSR leaving NK
- Kim il-sung coming into power and he wanted to unify the two states into one
- Kim il-sung was a communist guerilla who fought the Japanese in WWII
- The current relationship status us there are two separate states with a demilitarized zone at the border. They have started to form relationships. For example, there is a women's hockey team with NK's and SK's on the team.

- Mismanagement of the economy
- Natural disasters
- Loss of Soviet Support

- Demonization of the US
- Nuclear Ambitions
- Total Dictatorship
- Self-reliance

- They have set sanctions on NK and the US also has troops in SK.
- I would use incentives to mitigate the tensions
- For example, offer support to them if they stop producing nuclear weapons or offer incentives for the two countries to negotiate together.
- I would also use sports because sports can help unify people.

- The creation of the League of Nations was to form an international institution designed to resolve conflicts.
- The creation of the Kellogg-Briand-Pact was to prevent any future wars from happening and it made war "illegal".

Germany invading Poland and the start of WWII after.

- states will naturally try to maximize power
- conflict is a normal state of affairs
- the World is anarchic

- Yes, I do think the international system is anarchic and Hobbesian
- Liberals have responded by saying that if states work together and create a system of interdependence and collective security then there will be less conflict and a better world order.
- Liberals view the world as a **non-zero sum game: there are win-win solutions.

- international relations is more than just states collaborating and working together, but is a international capitalist economy.
- The Marxist view of the Capitalist system is that it structures inequality.
- It exploites humans. The wealth is brought in by the workers and is taken by the capitalists, and people are forced to follow the rules by the states police and military.

- Women are disproportionately represented in government and are more likely to be poor, illiterate, or face violence.
- It's not about women being better than men, but is about the disadvantages that women face in this world.

- Our view of international relations is shaped by ideas, norms, values, practices, and interest that are inherited.
- Nothing is natural
- Reality is socially constructed.

- They are in conflict because they both want the same land/territory.
- Camp David Accords, The Oslo Accords, the Egypt-Israeli Peace Treaty.
- Such initiatives for the leaders of the countries involved has led to assassinations. For example, Yitzhak Rabin was the Israeli leader and was assassinated by an Israeli nationalist for negotiating peace with the Palestinians.

- The Jews had no homeland of their own and there was post-war pressure for a homeland
- 1947: UN partition of Palestine in Jewish and Arab (Palestine) portions.
- Also, removal from British control.
- Immediate Arab-Jewish War over territory.
- Full independence of Israel: May 14, 1948.
- Size of Israel has slowly gotten bigger and bigger since it gained full independence. Most of Palestine's land is now Israel.

- It is a state that claims the West Bank and Gaza as its terrotory
- On October 7, 2023 Hamas terrorist assaulted Israeli communities and 1,200 people were killed and 200 soldiers and civilians, including children were taken hostage. Israel has responded with military troops, air and artilary strikes.
- 28,000+ Palestinians have been killed in Gaza.
- They are not any closer to peace because of the attacks by Hamas groups have even heightened the conflict and has not brouhgt them any closer to peace.

- Under the Trump administration the US moved its embassy to Jerusalem and cut off aid to Palestine.
- Trump administration did not favor a two-state solution and sided with Israel.

- Biden favors a two-state solution
- more active engagement with Palestine.
- Reinstated some aid to Palestine.
- A top priority at this point.
- In Ukraine, the US does not favor a two-state solution but aid is being taken away from Ukraine and being sent to Israel and Palestine instead. It is in greater interest to the US.