manufacturing industries

production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing

raw material *main role *capital investment *ownership *weight of raw materials

*agro eb cotton jute *mineral eg cement aluminum machine tools petrol chemical

basic eg iron and steel, aluminum smelting, copper smelting. *consumer eg sugar toothpaste paper machines

small scale large xcale

public, private, joint, cooperative

defines with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assert of a unit. this limit has changed over time. now maximum investment is 1 crore

heavy iron and steel light electronics

Bhel Sail

TISCO, BAJAJ AUTO LTD, DABUR

(OIL) OIL INDIA LIMITED

sugar industry in maharashtra, coir industry in kerala

*agriculture modernizing, dependency *industrial development precondition, joint and public sector, social disparities *export, foreign exchange *wide variety of furnished goods prosperous

first successful textile mill was establish In mumbai(city) and in1854 (year)

rishra Kolkata 1855

heat and land pollution

*spinning centralized......*world class *weaving decentralized...*low quality fabric coz..... * create demands for other ind *close life with agriculture *ancient techniques colonial period *concentration reasons *khadi *employment

*scarcity of machines power supply *comp from synthetic textiles

maharashtra Gujarat TN

it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country

khadi (handspun) provide large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry

handloom, powerloom, mills

to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton silk, Zari embroidery etc

chemicals dyes packaging materials engineering works

availability of *raw cotton *market *transport * port facilities *labour moist climate

india is the largest producer of jute

india is the 2nd exporter of jute

west Bengal, mainly along hugli River

*proximity of jute producing area *inexpensive water transport *abundant water *cheap labour from West bengal bihar odisha UP *Kolkata urban centre port banking etc *roadways etc

india is 2nd producer of sugar and largest producer of gur and khandsari

*holiday *first mill * producer exporter *reaskn for location

heavy. the raw material used is bulky and the haulage it's sucrose content reduces

UP bihar maharashtra karnataka TN AP

cane produced has high sucrose content *cooler clime = longer crushing season *cooperatives are more succesful

UP bihar

it's seasonal

*producer * weight *location *60% *cooperative sector *shift *reason for shift

chhota nagpur plateau

*low cost of iron ore *high grade raw materials in close proximity *ch labour market *vast growth potential in home market

iron ore : coking coal : limestone

finished products need an efficient transport network for their distribution tk the markets and consumers coz iron and steel is a basic and heavy industry

malleability good conductor resistant to corrosion light becomes strong when mixed with other metals

utensils aircraft wires *also as substitute for steel, copper, zinc ND lead I some industries

odisha west bengal, kerala, Uttar pradesh, chhatigarh, maharashtra, TN

chemical industry in india is fast growing and diversifying

sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda ash, caustic soda

paints, dyes, adhesive, synthetic Fibre, plastic, fertilizer

soaps, detergents, glass, paper

chemical industry is widely spread over the country

organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used in the manufacture of synthetic Fibre, synthetic rubber,drugs, paramaceuticals.

located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants

chemical industry is its own largest consumer

nitrogeneous, phosphates, ammonium phosphate and complex fertilizeds

nitrogen phosphate and potash

india doesn't have any potash or potassium reserves commercially usable

Gujarat TN UP PUNJAB AND KERALA

limestone gypsum silica

coal, electric power, rail transportation

Delhi gurugram Mumbai pune Kolkata, Lucknow indore Hyderabad jamshedpur bengaluru

television computer telephone radar cellular telecom

bengaluru is the electronic capital of india

Bengaluru noida mumbai chennai Hyderabad pune

continuing growth of hardware and software

caused by the presence of undesirable gases like carbon monoxide and sulphuric acid in large proportion and by airborne particulate materials like smoke mist dust spray etc

chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, smelting plants, burning of fossil fuels in small and big factories that ignore pollution norms

toxic leaks are hazardous with long term effects. air pollution adversely affects plants, humans, building, and atmosphere as a whole

paper, pulp, textile, dyeing , tangerines, petroleum refineries

dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, p.astics, rubber etc. fly ash, phosphates gypsum, and iron and steel flags are main solid wastes

phospogypsum, iron and steel slaps, fly ash

hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into the river and ponds before cooling.

water from nuclear power plant nuclear production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscariages

water pollution and soil pollution are closely linked

harmful chemicals, industrial effluent, packaging, salts, garbage render the land useless

irritation anger hearing impairment increased heart rate blood pressure, source of stress

industrial, construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, Sawa, pneumatic and electric drills

every litter of water discharged by industry polluteseight times the quantity of fresh water

minimized use by reusing and recycling in 2 or more successive stages*rain water harvesting *treating h water and industrial effluent b4 releasing *legal regulation of overdrawn of groundwater by industries

primary -physical process like screening, sedimentation, fluctuation, secondry -biological process tertiary treatment - chemical biological physical process.(involves recycling of water

rain water percolate to the soil carrying the pollutants and hence contaminated

fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitates, scrubbers, fabric filters, inertial seperaters *smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories

machinery and equipment fitted ith silencers * redesigned to be more efficient less noise * noise absorbing material apart from earplugs earphones

nationl thermal power corportikn is a power providing corporations in india that had ISO certification for EMS environmental management system for its pro active approach to preserving environment and resource.

*latest technology, upgrading existing equipment *minimize waste generation by maximizing ash utilization *green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation *reduce water poll by ash pond management, ash water recycling and liquid waste management. *ecological monitoring, reviews, online database for all power plants