ghap unit 4

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually; intensive farming practice

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; intensive farming practice

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans; intensive farming practice

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period; extensive farming practice

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals over open pastoral lands; in dry, arid climates; extensive farming practice

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land

the creation of flat areas on mountain slopes for the purpose of farming; often used for rice or mediterranean

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

the action of clearing a wide area of trees.

Humans drain wetlands to create fields and pastures

The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities

A system in which consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually in the form of weekly deliveries of produce.

the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

an alternative method of international trade which promotes environmentalism, fair wages, alleviation of global poverty and a fair price for growers

dating back 10,000 years, achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia with crop hearths including lentils, barley, wheat, and livestock

A valley and early civilization along the Indus River with crop hearths including barley, wheat, and cotton

Focusing mainly on China with rice being the most important product from this crop hearth

Crops from this hearth include yams and sorghum

Crops from this hearth include potatoes, corn (maize), beans, and squash

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

an agricultural production system that uses SMALL inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed (ex: ranching)

an agricultural production system that uses LARGE inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed (ex: market gardening)

"value added" goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price (i.e.: applewood smoked bacon or free range chicken)

a climate marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters; found on the coasts and includes agriculutral products like grapes, strawberries, and citrus

Found around the equator and is marked by plantation agriculture & shifting agriculture

Produced within a fairly limited distance from where it is consumed

When both subsistence and commercial agriculture exist in the same country or region. Often there are different levels of infrastructure, technology, and patterns of demand.

the large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment

a farm that is operated by one family and accounts for the vast majority of farms but little total farmland

occurs when a company controls more than one stage of the production process--this helps to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and increase profits

when production rises, costs reduce; the more you make, each thing gets cheaper to make

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market