Evolution

the process by which populations of organism change over itme

(ACRONYM: VISRT = Variation, Inherit, Survival, Reproduce, Time)
There is variation in a population
Variations are inherited
Struggle for Survival and reproductive success
Advantages varitations are inherited over time

Individual organisms bron with variations better suited to their environment, becoming more likely to out compete others, making them more likely to survive and reproduce

if you are sick, adn there is bad bacteria in your body. The antibiotic you eat will go in and kill the bacteria. But the weak ones will die first. The strong ones will survive. If you do not keep eating anti-biotics, the more resistant bacteria survives and stay in your body, making getting rid of them harder because they reproduce since there's less compeittion for space and resources

Crossing over and independent assortment -- crossing over means that genes are recombined within individual chromosomes from each parent, and independent assortment assures that the combination of traits received from each parent is different and random for every individual

+ which produces more/larger fruits
+which is more resisitant to drought, pests, disease, etc.
+ which grows more quickly or in a smaller space

provides ecidence of similarities and differences between species that lived long ago and those that live today. fossils can be dated which gives us an idea of how life has changed over time and how long ago those changes occurred

not all parts of organisms can be fossilized, and only organisms who die in the right conditions to allow fossilization are preserves.

anatomical structures that share similar features but serve different dunctions across species. (for example, the arm bones in humans, cats, whales, and bats. These bones help cats walk, whales swim, bats fly, and humans to do all sorts of cool arm stuff, like dabbing)

adaptive radiation

stabilizing, directional, and disruptive/diversifying

occurs when selective pressure makes two extreme phenotypes have decreased fitness, leading to an increase in an intermediate phenotype in subsequent generation.

one big hill in the middle,

one phenotype has decreased fitness, so another phenotype becomes more common in future generations.

original hill (stays the same shape) moves in one direction

n disruptive or diversifying selection, one intermediate phenotype faces decreased fitness, so two extreme phenotypes are seen more frequently in future generations. Instead of one allele being seen more frequently in future populations, two alleles are seen more frequently.

original middle hill splits into two small hill (looks like a "m")

the creation of new species

when reproductive isolation occurs within the population of one species. If this reproductive isolation occurs over enough time, future generations may not recognize each other as potential mating partners. when this happens, they are considered separate specieies. (basically, the formationtion of new speciies by the splitting of the gene pool of a population)

the term we use for cells or organisms with more than two of each homologous chromosome (diploidy).

the rapid evolutionary diversitfication of a single ancestral line. occcurs when memebers of a single speciies occurpy a ariety of different ecnvironmental conditions... different variations will be favored depending on the evironment so that adaptiations with various functoins re favored

a form of artificial selection where humans choose to breed organis,s of a speecies to prodice desired traits in offspring. by breeding members of a species with a desired trait, the trait's frequencey becomes more common in successive generation.

selective breeding, fossil record, homologous structures

it is not perfect. not every animal gets fossilized.

a population that contains all the alleles that might be passed on to the next generation.

if the frequency of these alleles do not change over time (each one has an equal chance of being passed on / equal survivability), the population is said to be at equilibrium

allopatric speciation

a new speciies arrses because a georgraphic barrier separates it from other members of an exissting speicieis

anew speicies arises becuse the behavior of members of one population is incompatible with that of another

new speicies arise cuz the members of one population of the specieis reproduce at a different time than other members

changes slowly accumulate over any generation and lead to speciation.

This results in immediate reproductive isolation (rather no reproduction at all) in the triploidy offspring. A good example of this would be a horse reproducing with a donkey to create an infertile mule.

geographical, temporal, behavorial isolation

groups used to classify similar organisms.

(Dear King Philip CCame Over For Good Soup) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

he system used to give species scientific names.

Each name is determined the the genus and then species name. The genus is always capitalized, and the entire name should be in italics. Some great examples are Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)

domain

bacteria/eubacteria, archaea, eukarya

Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda

No symmetry
Mineral or protein skeleton
Pores on surface to draw in water for filter feeding
Includes: sponges

Radial symmetry
Soft body; corals produce calcium carbonate
Tentacles arranged in rings around the mouth with stinging cells
Includes: hydras, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Bilateral symmetry
Soft body; no skeleton
Flat and thin bodies in a ribbon shape
No blood system or respiratory system
Includes: flatworms, flukes, tapeworms

Bilateral symmetry
Most have a calcium carbonate shell
Soft parts extend out of the shell for feeding
Includes: snails, squid, octopus

Bilateral symmetry
Internal cavity with blood vessels
Bodies made of many ringed segments, often with bristles
Includes: leeches, earthworms, marine bristle worms

Bilateral symmetry
External skeleton made of protein chitin
Segmented bodies with legs or other appendages with joints
Includes: insects, spiders, lobster, crab

nuclear ecnolope is absent in eubacteria and archaea, but present in eukaryote

membrane enclosed organelles is absent in eubacteria and archaeea, but present in eukaryote

eubacteria has one kind, archaea and eukatyortes have several kinds

formyl methionine for eubacteria, and matheionine for euk and archeae

eubacteria has growth inhibited, but arhcea and eukaryote growth is not inhibited

absent in eubacteria, but present in archaea and euk