Photosynthesis

More thylakoids means more chlorophyll/other pigments, so more light can be absorbed. This leads to more light dependent reaction, more ATP and NADPH created

More enzymes in the stroma increases the likelihood that molecules will come in contact with the enxzmes and react; this means more reactions of the Calvin Cycle can take place.

475 nm and 750 nm

The absoption spectrm for chlorophyll has a smaller range thn the action spectrum for green plant. Green plants contain pigments other than chlorophyll called accessory pigments. These pigments absorb different wavelngths of light than chlorophyll, so their presence increases teh toal amount of light tht is absorbed.

1) water is oxidized to create oxygen and replace teh electrons lost. oxygen is released to the environment

As electrons pass along the electron transport chain, H+ gets actively transported in ot the interior of the thylakoid.

Electrons are re energized when the chlorophyll in photosystem 1 absorbs sublight. Eventually the electrons are passed to NADP+ reductase which reduces to NADPH. The product travels to the stroma for the Calvin Cycle.

Due to the high concentration of H+ ions in the thylakoid interior, there is diffusion out through ATP synthase. The movement of H+ ions out of the thylacoid create ATP. ATP moves to the stroma for the Calvin Cycle

Water is used to replace electrons in Photosystem II.

This process is called photolysis. in addition to electrons, it also releases H+ and oxygen

thylakoid

The light energy excites electrons. The excited electrons are passed from Photosystem II to the ETC and their energy pumps H+ into the Thylakoid.

Water

NADP+

nadph and atp

A high concentration of H+ is created inside of the thylakoid. when it is permitted to flow back down the concentrations gradients (high to low) through ATP synthase, the release of potential energy powers the phosphorylation of ADP thus creating ATP

the flow of ions donwn their electrochmical gradient

addition of phosphate group

loss; gain

RuBP

Methods for tracing radioactive carbon incorporated in molecules produced by the Alga Chlorella

Increased amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, decreased the amount of grenhouse gases. this led to glaciation of the earth and deposition of iron oxide (rust) on the ocean flook (present today in rock striations) and a mass extinction event

light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature

(makes it kineetic energy of molecules or denatures it

the liimiting factor is the factor that is determing the rate of photosynthesis. if this factor increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. if the factor is not limiting, an increase will not increase the rate of photosynthesis.

the point where the graph levels is called the satuation point. at this point all enzymes/photosystems are in use and there cannot operate any quicker

a chemical reaction that converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

it shows the percentage of light absorbed at each wavelength for three different pigments found in plants.

the most abundant pigment in plants which is what makes plant appear gree

reds and violets

green wavelengths of light are reflected by these pigments

accessory pigments

having accessory pigments means plants can absorb more wavelengths of light than they could with chlorophyll a alone

100

in the membranes of thylakoids

the light dependent reacion and light independent reaction

calvin cycle

6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6+6O2

the reaction depends on light to happen

the reaction doesn't need light to happen

O2

ATP + NADPH

glucose (C6H12O6)

water (H2O)

there are 6 carbons in glucose and only one carbon in each mlecule of CO2

energy storing molecule used in cells

when energy from another sourc e(sunlight for exmaple) becomes available. energy an then be released or used to power a cellar process

reusable

a mole that carries electrons, later to be given up so they can be oxidized

reusable

they are charged up in the light depend. reactiosn, deliver energy to the lgiht independent reactions and cycle back to be recharged once again

adenosine tri phosphate

Adenosine di-phosphate

outermost phosphate group is removed first (the phosphate not touching anything)

reduced

oxidized

Oxidation is Loss (Of electrons) and Reduction is Gain (of electrons)

the chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II abosrbs light energy.

electrons

photoactivation of electrons in photosystem II

H20

The process of splitting water

H+ ions and one oxygen atom (1/2 an O2 moleule)

excited electrons pass from photosystem ii, to other proteins in the thylakoid membrane.

the series of elctron carrying proteins

H+

into

H+ is moving aginst the gradient

electron transport chain and active transport

photosystem I

the last carrier in the etc transfers the electrons to photosystem i. the electrons lost a lot of energy in the ETC however are once again photoactivated.

chlrophyll (+ acessory pigments)

NADP+ reductase

enzyme

it reduces (adds electrons to) NADP+ to create NADPH

calvin cycle

the proton gradient and atp formation

H+

ATP synthase

facilitated diffusion: H+ moving down the concentration gradient (high to low); no ATP requited

ATP

addition of phosphate

to create the H+ gradient

inside the thylakoid

the movement of ions across a membrane, down their electrochemical graident

stroma

CO2

Carbon fixation

RuBP

GP (glycerate 2-phosphate)

reduction of GP/Formation of precursor to glucose

GP

NADPH, it is converted to NADP+

ATP

triose phosphate (TP)

Regeneration of RuBP

for the calvin cycle to continue indefinitely, the starting substrate, RuBP needs to be regenerated. since TP has only three carbons and RuBP has five, several TP molecules (5 of them) are needed to create 3 RuBP (15 total carbons)

ATP

twice (two times)

six

more photoactivation, so more ATP + NADPH are produce. this means more photosynthesis can occur

at a certain point, we reach saturation of photosystems. at the saturation poin, all are in use + cannot work faster

between light intesity of zero and where the rate of reaction plateaus. in this area of the graph, increaseing light intensity increases the rate of rxn.

rubisco

rubisco reaches a saturation point (all active sites are occupied by CO2)

any point after the graph plateaus. after this point is reached, increasing CO2 does not increase the rate of rxn

intial increases in temperature cause an increase in kinetic energy, meaning substrates are more likely to run into their enzymes + rate of rxn increases. eventually, temp. increases so much that enzymes denature + rate of rxn decreases.