Respiratory System Functions

Gas exchange
Homeostatic regulation of pH
Protection from pathogens and foreign substance
Vocalization

Bulk flow, no channels or carriers

Muscular pumps that produce a pressure gradient

Metabolic process in mitochondria (O2 + nutrients = CO2 and ATP).

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between external environment and cells
- Ventilation
- O2 and CO2 exchanged in capillaries via diffusion, blood carries O2 and CO2
- O2 leaves and CO2 enters blood at systemic capillaries

Connective tissue, elastin and collagen

Type 1 - gas exchange, single layer of flattened cells
Type 2 - produce surfactant
Alveolar macrophage - Cleaning lungs, getting rid of dust

Intraplural fluids and Transmural pressure and Alveolar interdependence

The cohesive nature will keep the lungs attached to the chest.
Pulls the lungs towards the chest wall
A major force that keeps the lungs open

Pushes the lungs outwards
Pushes the thoracic walls inward
The gradient of alveolar and interpleural fluid pressures keeps the lungs open.

Inverse

Down, reversing

If intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

If intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Autonomic nervous system

Bronchialconstriction

Bronchialdilation

Group of diseases that show and increase in resistance of air flow

Diaphragm, external intercostal muscle

Sternocleidosmastoid, Scalenus

Elastic recoil - How easy the lungs rebound after stretching (inward motion)
Compliance - How much effort required to stretch the lungs (outward motion)

Elastin (protein) - Highly elastic connective tissue
Alveolar surface tension - Determined by the thin water layer that lines each alveolus. Squeezes the alveolus, producing recoil.