grammar

4 notions of grammar

Underlying structure of language that any native speaker of that language knows intuively.

FEATURES OF LANGUAGE

use of sound

system of word formation

patterns of word arrangement

use of meaning

use of language in social contexts

-Provide rules for correct usage
- system of rules
- also known as NORMATIVE GRAMMAR OR SCHOOL OF GRAMMAR

-describe how a language is actually use
-set of generalization that describe the building blocks of sentence structure
-structural grammar

-provide instructions for the production of an infinite number of sentences in a language
-unconcious knowledge of language that humans are born with, regardless of the language they eventually speak
- aims to describe the implicit knowledge that speakers of a language have about the structure and formation of sentences

•Effect of context and/or real time limitations on the way speakers process language
•Rhetorical grammar/discourse analysis •Application of grammar

are the building blocks of communication in written and spoken language.

several key elements to consider when analyzing sentence structure:

is the noun or pronoun that performs the action or is described in the sentence.

is the part of the sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject (what the subject is doing or being).

A group of words that functions as a single unit within a sentence but does not contain both a subject and a verb.

A group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate, sometimes with complete or incomplete thoughts

2 types of clause

also known as a main clause, is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought.

also known as a subordinate clause, is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate but does not express a complete thought. It relies on the main clause to form a complete sentence.

Modifies the verb in the main clause by answering questions such as when, where, why, or how.

Modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause.

Functions as a noun in the main clause.

are words or phrases that introduce dependent clauses and show the relationship between the dependent clause and the independent clause.

4 SENTENCE TYPES IN ENGLISH

Makes a statement or expresses an opinion.

Asks a question.

Gives a command or makes a request.

Expresses strong emotion or surprise.

4 TYPES OF SENTECE BASED ON STRUCTURE

Contains one independent clause (a subject and a predicate) and expresses a complete thought.

Contains two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so) or punctuation (such as a semicolon)

Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (clauses that cannot stand alone as complete sentences).

a complex sentence that splits a single thought into two parts to emphasize a specific element. The sentence is usually introduced by dummy words such as ‘it’ or ‘that’, followed by a verb phrase, usually ‘be’

Contains two or more independent
clauses and at least one dependent clause.

-are a grammatical category that expresses references to time.
- are changes or additions to verbs to show when the action took place: in the past, present, or future.

Used to describe actions that are habitual, factual, or generally true

Used to describe actions that happened and were completed in the past

Used to describe actions that will happen in the future

Used to describe actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past or have relevance to the present

Used to describe actions that were completed before a certain point in the past

Used to describe actions that will be completed before a certain point in the future

Used to describe actions that are happening now or around now

Used to describe actions that were happening at a specific time in the past

Used to describe actions that will be happening at a specific time in the future

Used to describe actions that started in the past and are still continuing into the present

Used to describe actions that were ongoing in the past up to a certain point

Used to describe actions that will be ongoing up to a certain point in the future