1Japanese first wave immigrants
Educated, farming class, mostly young men but also young women
2Japanese responses to exclusion/hostility
Forming ethnic communities, sponsoring cultural events, engaging in musical activity of both Japanese and non-Japanese music
3Motivations to engage with traditional Japanese music
Social activity, celebrating Japanese culture, educating future generations
5Shakuhachi duet (honkyoku) describing a male deer calling for a female deer mate
Shika-no-tone
6Genre typically featuring a bamboo flute soloist
Honkyoku
7Big flat string instrument originally from China but used in Japanese music
Koto
8Group drumming, started in 1950s Japan but spread to America in the 1960s, important in community formation among Asian Americans and allowing Asian American women to break stereotypes
Taiko
9How did WW2 impact Japanese American music?
During WW2 many distanced themselves from Japanese culture, in internment camps Japanese music was used as a cultural symbol of joy and resistance, after WW2 Japanese culture was celebrated
10Taiko piece written by Kenny Endo including a flute and koto part, featuring an extended intro
Spirit Sounds
11Hawaiian chant used as an expression of life, means to tell stories, communicate between humans/nature/cosmos (this word refers to both text itself and chanting)
Mele
12Spiritual sacred power residing in all objects/humans/animals according to Hawaiian mythology
Mana
13Hawaiian rituals/prohibitions that govern interaction, reinforce/preserve mana
Kapu
14Hidden meanings in mele (texts with more of these have more mana and stricter kapu)
Kaona
15Type of mele typically featuring 1 unaccompanied singer and free meter
Mele oli
16Mele oli with lyrics about inspiration, with spiritual references and references to chant itself
Mele Pule Ho'oulu
17Mele oli referencing Hawaiian god Laka
Mele Pule Ho'oulu no Laka
18Mele 2102 lines long about the creation of the universe, gives Hawaiians cultural foundation
Kumulipo
19Mexican ballads, have been an important part of Mexican folk literature since 1800s and cross boundaries between folk and popular music
Corridos
20Topics of corridos
battles, heroes, duels, horse races, disasters, tragedies, crimes, immigrant experiences, dangers of crossing US border, drug trade
21Patriotic corrido recorded in Arizona 1999 featuring a story about a battle against Americans after a Mexican crossed the border in WW1
El Corrido de Nogales
22Corrido recorded in Sonora, Mexico 1995 about 1800s bandit/hero Joaquin Murrieta, who killed Americans to get revenge for his dead wife and brother, switches btwn 1st/3rd person
Joaquin Murrieta
23Corrido recorded in 1949 about a man who killed police/sheriff after they killed his brother
Gregorio Cortez
24Accordion-based ensemble from working class Texas-Mexican and northern Mexican culture
Conjunto
25Influential accordionist from the 1930s, born in Mexico but emigrated to Texas at 1 year old, known as the "father of conjunto"
Narciso Martinez
261946 conjunto duo between Narciso Martinez (accordion) and Santiago Almeida (bajo sexto) featuring melodic accordion playing and polka rhythm
La Cuquita
27Instrument in a standard conjunto ensemble (since 1950s)
accordion, bajo sexto, bass, drum set
28Conjunto piece from the 1980s by Flaco Jimenez
Ay, Te Dejo en San Antonio
29Conjunto accordionist/singer born in San Antonio, Texas in 1939 from a family of conjunto musicians
Flaco Jimenez
3012-stringed Mexican instrument that can play melodies, strum chords or play low bass notes, typically used in conjuntos
Bajo sexto
31Tejana musician from Houston, Texas who sings, plays 12-string guitar, started recording in 1920s-30s
Lydia Mendoza
32Recorded in 1934 by Lydia Mendoza, features 12-string guitar
Mal Hombre
33Difference between 6 and 12 string guitar
12 string guitars have richer timbre
34Type of Mexican ensemble from Jalisco, now seen as an emblem of Mexican identity
Mariachi
35Typical mariachi instruments (for melody/harmonies, rhythm, bass)
Melody/harmonies: voice, trumpet, violin; Rhythm: guitar, vihuella; Bass: guitarron
36When did mariachi become more popular in the US?
Since the late 1930s, also due to immigrants from Mexico after WW2, taught in elementary schools in the 1960s
37Genre of Mexican folk music traditionally participatory from Veracruz, Mexico, which turned into a presentational form around the 1900s and now has a participatory revival
Son Jarocho
38Cultural influences of Son Jarocho
Europe (especially Spain), Africa, Indigenous cultures
398-stringed strumming instrument with 3 sets of double strings, used in Son Jarocho music
Jarana
404 stringed bassline instrument used in Son Jarocho music, made with porcupine quills
Leona
41Plucked string instrument used in Son Jarocho music
Requinto
42Footwork in Son Jarocho music
Zapateado
43Platform for zapateado, center of Son Jarocho performances
Tarima
44Implied structural key rhythm
Clave
45Regional/supplemental instruments in Son Jarocho
Violin, arpa/harp, quijada, marimbol
46Donkey or horse jawbone used as an instrument (sometimes used in son jarocho)
Quijada
47Box instrument that plays bass notes (sometimes used in son jarocho)
Marimbol
48Gathering/celebration where participatory son jarocho performances take place, especially after the Son Jarocho revival
Fandango