Unit 7.1 Notecards

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

a basic bodily requirement

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

the point at which your "weight thermostat" may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight

the body's resting rate of energy output

or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

excessive self-love and self-absorption

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli: stimulus > arousal > emotion

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself