Unit 5 Biology

alternative forms of a gene; ex. T, t

a technique used to sample amniotic fluid (which contains fetal cells) to determine if a fetus has a genetic disorder

a non-sex chromosome; chromosomes # 1-44

process of inserting DNA from one species into another creating a transgenic organism

branch of biology that involves modifying the genes of organisms to improve human life; also called genetic engineering, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA technology

process of making genetically-identical copies of genes or entire organisms

complex pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype

sex-linked trait in which sufferers fail to distinguish between certain colors--usually red and green

process that occurs in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange pieces creating unique sperm/egg cells

autosomal recessive disease characterized by a thick accumulation of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract

a disease caused by a failure of the body to produce insulin (type I) or the development of insulin resistance over time (type II)

a pattern of bands in a gel created during electrophoresis that is unique for all of the members of a sexually-reproducing population

an allele or trait that is always expressed

individuals that have 3 copies of chromosome #21; AKA trisomy 21

process in which a sperm cell unites with an egg cell

process that uses an electrical current to separate DNA fragments by size creating a unique banding pattern in a gel called a DNA fingerprint; also called DNA fingerprinting

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein/trait

replacing defective genes with normal ones to cure disease

an organism whose genome has been altered artificially through genetic engineering

the study of heredity

all of the genes found in a species

the combination of alleles for a trait(s); ex. Tt

sex-linked disease caused the lack of a blood clotting protein; sufferers can bleed to death from a simple cutruise

a genetic condition in which an organism has a dominant allele paired with a recessive allele; ex. Tt

a pair of chromosomes that are the same size and have genes arranged in the same order; one comes from mom and one from dad

was established in 1990 to sequence the 3 billion base pairs of human DNA (finished in 2001) and to map our 20,000 genes (still ongoing)

autosomal dominant disease characterized by a late onset (around age 35) and breakdown of the central nervous system; death by 45

complex pattern of inheritance in which neither allele is dominant over the other resulting in an intermediatelended phenotype

a picture of a fetus's chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs which can be used to determine sex and if genetic abnormalities are present

a form of cell division that makes four genetically-different haploid gametes

complex pattern of inheritance governing human blood types (A, B, AB, O), in which there are more than two alleles for a trait

the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis leading to genetic diseases like Down Syndrome

a chart showing the genetic relationships amongst the members of a family; can show traits/diseases

the physical expression of the genotype; ex. Tall

tiny rings of DNA found in bacteria located outside of their large circular chromosome, that often contain genes for antibiotic resistance and that we use to carry human genes in biotech, like the gene for insulin

complex pattern of inheritance in which traits with a broad range of phenotypes are controlled by more than one gene; examples include human height, skin color, weight, eye color, and hair color

a diagram that is used to show the probability of outcomes from a genetic cross

an allele or trait that is only expressed when not in the presence of a dominant one

a sex-linked recessive disorder in which the patient lacks an immune system; has been successfully treated in some instances with gene therapy; AKA bubble boy syndrome

chromosomes that determine sex; the X and Y chromosomes

caused by genes on the X chromosome and are most often passed from mother to son

disease that is caused by a mutation in DNA resulting in defective hemoglobin and leading to crescent-shaped red blood cells; carriers are immune to malaria

A genetically-modified organism (GMO) that contains foreign DNA (DNA from another species); ex. a glowing mouse or a frost-resistant strawberry plant

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

a fertilized egg cell