Gender

Set of biological attributes related to chromosomes, hormones etc.
Male/female

Socially constructed roles, behaviours, experiences and identities
Not binary or static
It's fluid

The way words are changed to give a special meaning

Young is covertly marked

False
Prestige of marked words is lowered

Original meaning

Lexical lens that explores word choice and semantics

Grammatical lens that is more obvious and uses *affixation*

Morphology (affixation)
Syntax (word order and sentence construction)

Focus on masculine interests or a masculin point of view

Words that often go together and form a common expression
*Drama queen*
*Man up*
*Silly girl*

UK = 1918
USA = 1920
However, certain criteria had to be met

Has traditionally been privileged, romanticised and further associated with (especially by Rousseau) conformity and falsity

Associated with authenticity and intimacy

Acquired by speakers who have command of a standard dialect that is socially defined as those speakers gaining social status within the wider community
Elite

Acquired by speakers desiring to belong and to be considered a member of a certain community

Combination of words

A newly coined word/phrase

Language affects the speaker's world view and shapes the way we think

Weak version
Language *influences* the way we think

Strong version
Language *determines* thought

The derogatory metaphors towards women
Affectionate nominatives used for men, women or both (women = food/animals)

Utterance considered as an action that does something

John Searle
1969

Assertives
Directives
Commissives
Expressives
Declaratives

Commits *speaker* to believing something

Try to get *hearer* to perform an action

Commits *speaker* to doing something in the future
(eg. a promise/vow)

Expresses how *speaker* feels

Changes state of world in a certain way

Meaning of utterance is literal

Meaning of utterance depends on context and hearer's ability to understand true meaning
Identify the speech act:

Contextual conditions that must be met for speech act to be appropriate, successful and true

John Austin
1975

1. Conventional procedures
2. Pps must fulfil their roles
3. Pps must be sincere

The idea that most human characteristics, physical and mental, are determined at conception by hereditary factors passed from parent to offspring

The idea that people develop knowledge of the world in a social context, and much of what we perceive relies on shared assumptions. Many things we believe can change as society changes

Dominant focus on women or to the advocacy of this

Unmarked forms = masculine
Females have suffix -ess
Man = human
Suggests female is derived from male

Glotallisation

Low intelligence, trustworthiness
Very negative assumptions

Powerful women to assert authority less confrontationally