1Who created the *Sense Relation Network* and when?
Carman Llamas 2007
2What is a sense realtion network?
Individual's own lexical variation and connotations surrounding certain semantic fields
3Which 3 men investigated grammatical variation in England and when?
Arthur Hughes
Peter Trudgill
Dominic Watt
2012
4What 4 grammatical variations did Hughes, Trudgill and Watts look into?
Contractions
Verb 'to be'
Present tense verbs
Determiners
5What did Hughes, Trudgill and Watts find about contractions?
Southern = *verb* change
= I haven't got it
Northern = *pronoun* change
= I've not got it
6What did Hughes, Trudgill and Watts find about the verb 'to be'?
London = I was, you was, we was
Northern = I were, you were, she were
7What did Hughes, Trudgill and Watts find about present tense verbs?
East Anglia = I play, he play, it play
SW England and Wales = I play*s*, he play*s*, it play*s*
8What did Hughes, Trudgill and Watts find about determiners?
Standard = these people
Non-standard = them people
Scottish = thae people
9What did Kerswill investigate and when?
Whether or not vowels were fronted in /ou/ and / u: /
Milton Keynes
1999
10Kerswill results
Children front their vowels considerably more than adults (so a characteristic of the new Milton Keynes accent)
C*o*ke = c*a*ke
Older children (especially girls) showed most fronting
11What did Trudgill do and when?
Norwich study
Investigated *ng* or *n'* between social classes
n' = Norwich
ng = Standard English
1974
12Trugill results
More careful speech (when pps asked to repeat answers) = ng
Lower social class = n'
Men = n'
Women believed they used *ng* more than they did (more susceptible to overt prestige)
Men believed they used *n'* more than they did (more susceptible to covert prestige)
13What did Cheshire do and when?
Reading study (girls and boys)
Investigated relationship between use of grammatical variables and adherence to peer group culture
Group A = -ive attitude towards fighting, taking part in minor criminal activity and swearing
Group B = +ive attitude towards fighting, taking part in minor criminal activity and swearing
1982
14Cheshire results
Group A = low non-s *S*, low negative concord, low non-s *come*
Group B = high non-s *S*, high negative concord, high non-s *come*
Same results for boys
15Define *density*
Extent to which someone's connections are related to each other
(eg. does your friend know your neighbour)
16Define *closed network*
All personal contacts know each other
17Open network = ________ density
Low
18Closed network = ________ density
High
19What did Milroy do and when?
Created Theory of Social Networks
Investigated relationships (web of ties) between densities and multiplexities, and accent strength
Belfast
Working class
Studied "th" in "mother"
"a" in "hat"
1987
20Milroy results
High densities and multiplexities = strong accent
Low densities (due to isolation) = weak accent
Isolated men = weaker accent than isolated women
21What did Labov do in Martha's Vineyard and when?
Investigated whether diphthongs were centralised or not
69 pps
Focused on /au/ and /ai/ vowel sounds
Subtly encouraged pps to say certain words to reduce demand characteristics
1963
22Labov (Martha's Vineyard) results
Locals = more centralised to converge to fishermen and diverge from tourists
Fisherman had subconsciously strengthened centralised sound to establish themselves as a tight-nit community
Ages 31-45 changed to be more like Fishermen who were seen as the original Vinyarders
23What did Labov do in New York and when?
Investigated use of post-vocalic / r / and relationship with socioeconomic status
3 stores: upper-middle class, middle class and working class
Asked question to staff so they would say "Fou*r*th floo*r*"
1966
24Labov (New York) results
High socioeconomic status = more post-vocalic / r /
25What did Swales do and when?
Created discourse communities
1990
26What is a *discourse community*?
Group of people engaged in similar activities (usually work related or around a specific interest) who use language in distinct and identifiable ways
They use specialist vocab
To be a member, you must have a required area of expertise/knowledge
27Define *jargon*
Vocab and manner of speech that reflects a particular profession which may be difficult for others to understand
28Difference between *discourse communities* and *communities of practice*
Discourse communities = language comes first, then practice
Communities of practice = practice comes first, then language
29What did Giles do and when?
Created *Communication Accommodation Theory*
1971
30What is the *Communication Accommodation Theory*?
Speakers seek approval in social situations and change their speech so that it's similar to the listener
If they don't want to be associated with listener (argument), they may change their speech to show they are different
31What are the 4 key terms for *Communication Accommodation Theory*?
Mutual convergence
Upwards convergence
Downwards convergence
Divergence
32Define *mutual convergence*
Both pps in a conversation converge towards the other
33Define *upwards convergence*
Adapting your language to sound *overtly* prestigious
34Define *downwards convergence*
Adapting your language to sound *covertly* prestigious
35Define *divergence*
Adapting your language to become different to that of you listeners
36Criticisms of Giles' Communication Accommodation Theory
- Conversations are too complex to be reduced to 1 or 2 categories
- What does it mean if ppl use convergence and divergence in a conversation?
- Conflict can cause irrational communication but this theory assumes all conversation is rational
37When and what was the Dieth-Orton survey?
- 1948-1961
- Survey of English dialects and accents
- Questionnaire with over 1300 items
- Answers were phonetically transcribed
38Who were the pps in the Dieth-Orton survey?
- Working class
- Over 60
- Men
- Locally born
- Rural focus
39Where was /h/ in 'hand' dropped?
London
40Where was 'arm' pronounces /a:/?
Norfolk
London
41Where was 'arm' pronounced /ae:/?
Newcastle
(North)
42Where was 'arm' pronounced like 'w*ear*'?
Yorkshire
(North)
43Where was 'arm' pronounced /ar:/?
Devon
44Where is 'headache' used?
Yorkshire
Lancashire
Norfolk
45Where is 'bad head' used?
Cheshire only
46Where is 'skullache/sore head' used?
Cumbria
Northumberland
(North)
47Where is 'ain't' used?
Essex
Devon
48Where is 'amno' used?
Cheshire
Shropshire
49Where is 'en't/yun't' used?
Oxfordshire