AP Psychology Confusing Pairs

individual elements to whole

whole to the parts

chemicals that mimic the actions of neurotransmitter

chemicals that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter

start small then go big- $5 get $100

start big to get small- want skateboard ask for car

each participant has equal chance of being placed into any group

process of choosing participants from the population & happens before assignment

clear, practical use

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

deals with numbers- height, weight, time

deals with descriptions- color, smell, taste

tendency to overstate one’s role in a positive venture & underestimate in a failure

explains how people’s ideas about others can shape the behavior of those others

Japan- family, company stressed

USA- uniqueness of individual stressed

can’t remember new stuff after head injury

can’t remember stuff before head injury

exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually Increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

immediately expose patient to worst fears

level needed to detect a stimulus 50% of time

test measures a particular hypothetical concept- creativity, IQ, extraversion

content of a test is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover, such as the unit

what is tested

what is measured (the outcomes)

group that is tested

compared to the experimental, receives the placebo in a drug experiment

language and logic

creative and spatial

divides the brain

covers the brain

in the nervous system, faster message chemicals

in the endocrine system, slower message chemicals

makes words, speech production

comprehends words

same fertilized egg

two separate eggs

sensory, body to brain

motor, brain to body

logical thinking

philosophical thinking

bottom-up processing

top-down processing

black, grey white, night and peripheral vision

color vision and fine detail

involuntary, link two or more stimuli for learning

voluntary, learned behaviors if followed by reinforcement or punishment

first items remembered

last items remembered

loss of the new info

loss of the old info

non-declarative; skills

declarative, facts

no cues

some hints

step-by-step

rule-of-thumb

stereotypes

based on available info

basic sound units

basic units of meaning

processing speed

acquired knowledge

test measures what it should

same scores on a retest

what you’ve learned

potential

for personal satisfaction

for rewards

you control the environment

environment controls you

high stress (higher risk to heart disease)

low stress

large, slow brain waves - deep sleep

slow brain waves - relaxed, awake state

symbolic, remembered story of a dream

underlying meaning of a dream

event that strengthens the behavior that it follows

event that decreases the behavior that it follows

increases behaviors by removing aversive stimuli (removal of beep for seat belt)

alleviate stress by avoiding stressor, attending to emotional needs

attempt to alleviate stress directly - by changing stressor

narrowing available problem solutions to determine the best solution

expanding number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking)

center of our personality, organizer of thoughts, feelings, actions

thoughts and feelings about ourselves, “Who am I”

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

socially influenced characteristics of boyirl, man/woman.

biological definition of male or female

compares groups of people of different ages at same time

compares same group of people over long period of time

thoughts

actions

starvation diet and excessive exercising

binge eating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise

focus on arguments and facts of argument or advertisement

adjusting behavior to fit in

compliance with an order or request

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

exert less effort in a group setting

enhancement of groups opinions through discussion with group

thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in group overrides realistic alternatives

unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

generalized belief about a group and its members

unjustifiable negative behavior or action toward a group and its members

demanding and responsive, active parents - leads to high esteem in children

demanding and not responsive - leads to less social skills, lower self-esteem

relating to relationships or communication between people

within yourself

when a single event or activity has both attractive and unattractive features.

sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions

describe as set of data- central tendency mean, mode, median

is to determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected cause and effect

grammar Semantics: meaning

perceive change in stimulus level (ex: music level)

“fight or flight”

“rest and digest”

stimulates hunger

suppresses hunger

interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schema (ex: all 4-legged animals are “doggies”)

adapting current understandings to incorporate new info (ex: “dogs” are different than “cats”)

diminished sensitivity to constant stimulation (ex: not feeling watch on wrist)

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure (ex: not hearing airplanes in military)

increases behaviors by adding positive reinforcers (ex: money, candy)

number amount (ex every 5 times)

time amount (ex: every 30 minutes)

influenced by incidental cues (ex: attractiveness of speaker)

in Schizophrenia, inappropriate behaviors are present (ex: hallucinations, delusions)

in Schizophrenia, appropriate behaviors are absent (ex: catatonia, flat affect)

an innately reinforcing stimulus (ex: something that satisfies a biological need)

gains reinforcing power through primary reinforcement (ex: money)