1what is herd immunity
the protection of a population from a disease when a large proportion of people are immune
2how do vaccines work
1. contains a small amount of dead/inactive forms of a pathogen
2. the antigens in the vaccine simulate the WBC into making antibodies which destroy the antigens without you getting the disease
3. this means if the pathogen actually enters your vody you can rapidly repsond so you dont get affected by the pathogens
3where are antigens????
on the pathogen
4where are antibodies?????
not on the pathogen
5defintion of a pathogen
disease causing micro organism
6if you have a batcterial infectiok what medicine should you take
anti biotics
7plasmid is where what is formed
DNA
8bacteria key points:
multiply very rapidly
up to 0.01mm long
release toxins or poisons that make us feel unwell
living cells
9examples of bacteria
food poisoning
cholera
gonorrhoea
10wbc relase what which neutralises what
antitoxins
bacteria
11virus key point
NOT living cells as they have no nuclues (DNA in protein coat)
smaller than bacteria
can only reproduce inside cells
virus enter the cells, makes lots of copies and then burst out of the cell into the bloodstream
change our genes in our cells
12examples of virus
flu
cold
aids
chicken pox
13what is smaller bacteria or virus
virus
14how do viruses work
they insert themselves into a host cell and hijack the cells parts to make new copies of the cell
the new virus particles can then burst out of the cell and infect many other host cell
viruses damage and destroy our cells when they infect us in order to reproduce
15lymphocytes are what
white blood cells
16what do wbcs make
antibodies
17antibody is complementary to
antigen
18pathogens each have different
antigens
19memory cells are a type of wbc which do what
reproduce previously made antibodies
20what is an agglutination reaction
clump pathogens together
21what is phagocytosis
the process where pathogens are engulfed and digested
22what is an antigen
a unique protein on the surface of every cell that your immune system recognises as different
23what is an antibody
a protein produced by wbcs that attach to a specific pathogen and destroy it
24how does the immune system work
white blood cells produce antibodies when a pathogen enters your body and attached to antigens to destroy the pathogens
25do painkillers kill the pathogens
no just stops the pain from side effects
26why dont antibodies destroy viruses
viruses reproduce inside the cells
27new medicines are tested for what 3 things
efficacy
toxicity
dose
28how long does it take to test a new medicine
12 years
29what 2 things happen at pre clinical trials
tested on cells/tissues for toxicity and efficacy
tested on animals for effect on whole organism as well as dose and side effects
30what 2 things happen at clinical trials
tested on healthy volunteers with low doses to check side effects
tested on small number of patients to find optimum dose
31what is stage 5 of testing new medicines
drug license to be prescribed by doctors and saftey is still monitored
32to test the effects of drugs we need to compare the effects of what 2 groups of people
group that havent taken the drug (placebo)
group that has taken the drug
33do the doctors know who has taken the drug and if not why
no so its not biased
34what is peer review
results of drugs trial are published in journals
other scientists check results
35why do u do peer review
prevent drug companies from making false claims