Preventing and treating disease
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1
what is herd immunity
the protection of a population from a disease when a large proportion of people are immune
2
how do vaccines work
1. contains a small amount of dead/inactive forms of a pathogen
2. the antigens in the vaccine simulate the WBC into making antibodies which destroy the antigens without you getting the disease
3. this means if the pathogen actually enters your vody you can rapidly repsond so you dont get affected by the pathogens
2. the antigens in the vaccine simulate the WBC into making antibodies which destroy the antigens without you getting the disease
3. this means if the pathogen actually enters your vody you can rapidly repsond so you dont get affected by the pathogens
3
where are antigens????
on the pathogen
4
where are antibodies?????
not on the pathogen
5
defintion of a pathogen
disease causing micro organism
6
if you have a batcterial infectiok what medicine should you take
anti biotics
7
plasmid is where what is formed
DNA
8
bacteria key points:
multiply very rapidly
up to 0.01mm long
release toxins or poisons that make us feel unwell
living cells
up to 0.01mm long
release toxins or poisons that make us feel unwell
living cells
9
examples of bacteria
food poisoning
cholera
gonorrhoea
cholera
gonorrhoea
10
wbc relase what which neutralises what
antitoxins
bacteria
bacteria
11
virus key point
NOT living cells as they have no nuclues (DNA in protein coat)
smaller than bacteria
can only reproduce inside cells
virus enter the cells, makes lots of copies and then burst out of the cell into the bloodstream
change our genes in our cells
smaller than bacteria
can only reproduce inside cells
virus enter the cells, makes lots of copies and then burst out of the cell into the bloodstream
change our genes in our cells
12
examples of virus
flu
cold
aids
chicken pox
cold
aids
chicken pox
13
what is smaller bacteria or virus
virus
14
how do viruses work
they insert themselves into a host cell and hijack the cells parts to make new copies of the cell
the new virus particles can then burst out of the cell and infect many other host cell
viruses damage and destroy our cells when they infect us in order to reproduce
the new virus particles can then burst out of the cell and infect many other host cell
viruses damage and destroy our cells when they infect us in order to reproduce
15
lymphocytes are what
white blood cells
16
what do wbcs make
antibodies
17
antibody is complementary to
antigen
18
pathogens each have different
antigens
19
memory cells are a type of wbc which do what
reproduce previously made antibodies
20
what is an agglutination reaction
clump pathogens together
21
what is phagocytosis
the process where pathogens are engulfed and digested
22
what is an antigen
a unique protein on the surface of every cell that your immune system recognises as different
23
what is an antibody
a protein produced by wbcs that attach to a specific pathogen and destroy it
24
how does the immune system work
white blood cells produce antibodies when a pathogen enters your body and attached to antigens to destroy the pathogens
25
do painkillers kill the pathogens
no just stops the pain from side effects
26
why dont antibodies destroy viruses
viruses reproduce inside the cells
27
new medicines are tested for what 3 things
efficacy
toxicity
dose
toxicity
dose
28
how long does it take to test a new medicine
12 years
29
what 2 things happen at pre clinical trials
tested on cells/tissues for toxicity and efficacy
tested on animals for effect on whole organism as well as dose and side effects
tested on animals for effect on whole organism as well as dose and side effects
30
what 2 things happen at clinical trials
tested on healthy volunteers with low doses to check side effects
tested on small number of patients to find optimum dose
tested on small number of patients to find optimum dose
31
what is stage 5 of testing new medicines
drug license to be prescribed by doctors and saftey is still monitored
32
to test the effects of drugs we need to compare the effects of what 2 groups of people
group that havent taken the drug (placebo)
group that has taken the drug
group that has taken the drug
33
do the doctors know who has taken the drug and if not why
no so its not biased
34
what is peer review
results of drugs trial are published in journals
other scientists check results
other scientists check results
35
why do u do peer review
prevent drug companies from making false claims
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