1What is the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma?
DNA → RNA → Proteins
2What process synthesizes RNA from DNA?
Transcription
3Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
4What are the molecular equivalents of genotype and phenotype?
DNA and protein
5What are the components needed to translate mRNA into protein?
mRNA, tRNA, ribosome
6What is the role of tRNA in translation?
It carries amino acids and matches codons with anticodons
7What is the stop codon used for?
To terminate translation
8What happens during RNA processing?
Pre-mRNA is spliced, capped, and polyadenylated
9How many nucleotides are needed to code for 20 amino acids?
63 (including stop codon)
10Which mutation leads to sickle-cell anemia?
Substitution of adenine for thymine
11What happens during translation elongation?
Amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain
12What is the role of ribosomes in translation?
To facilitate the decoding of mRNA into protein
13What kind of mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide?
Frameshift mutation
14What is the order of increasing size: gene, chromosome, nucleotide?
Nucleotide < Gene < Chromosome
15What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
16What are the four bases of DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
17What is the sugar found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
18What base replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil
19What did Hershey and Chase prove in their experiment?
DNA is the genetic material
20Which scientist took X-ray images that helped reveal DNA’s structure?
Rosalind Franklin
21What shape does DNA form?
Double helix
22What is the complementary strand of 5’ ATTCGGTTACCG 3’?
3’ TAAGCCAATGGC 5’
23What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
24What enzyme adds nucleotides during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
25What type of inheritance shows a blend between two traits?
Incomplete dominance
26What type of inheritance expresses both alleles equally?
Codominance
27What are the possible genotypes for blood type AB?
IAIB
28What is the genotype of a person with cystic fibrosis?
Homozygous recessive
29What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes
30How many daughter cells result from meiosis?
Four
31What is the chromosome number of human gametes?
23
32What process during meiosis increases genetic variation?
Crossing over and independent assortment
33What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
Homologous chromosomes are from each parent; sister chromatids are identical copies
34What happens if homologous chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis I?
Nondisjunction occurs, leading to gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers
35What does a heterozygous genotype mean?
Two different alleles for a gene
36What is the phenotype ratio of a monohybrid cross with complete dominance?
3:1
37Which term describes different forms of a gene?
Alleles
38What term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
Genotype
39Which chromosome combination defines a male in humans?
XY
40Which genetic condition is caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome?
Red-green colorblindness
41Why are mules sterile?
They have an odd number of chromosomes, which impairs meiosis
42What is the function of DNA?
To store genetic information needed for growth, development, and reproduction
43What components are needed for DNA replication?
DNA molecule (template), nucleotides (dNTPs), DNA polymerase III and other enzymes, RNA primers