1What is classification?
Organisation of all living organisms into groups
2What does it mean by classification is heirarchial?
Larger groups split into smaller groups and so on
3What is each group called?
A taxon
4What does it mean by classification is phylogenetic?
Organisms in the same group are more closely related
5What are the taxonomic groups?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
6What are the 5 kingdoms?
Prokaryotae
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista
7Describe prokaryotae organisms
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
Cell wall of peptidoglycan
Circular DNA
8Describe animalia organisms
Multicellular eukaryotes
No cell wall
Heterotrophic
Nervous co-ordination
9Describe plantae organisms
Multicellular eukaryotes
Photosynthetic w chloroplasts
Cell wall of cellulose
10Describe fungi organisms
Heterotrophic eukaryotes
Cell wall of chitin
Composed of thin thread called hyphae
Reproduce by spores
11Describe protoctista organisms
Mostly unicellular eukaryotes
Algae have no tissue differentiation
12What is a species?
Group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
13What is a binomial name, why are they used?
2 words, italicised
Same everywhere in the world, universal name to avoid confusion
14What did the study of ribosomal RNA suggest?
There should be 3 domains
All organisms evolved along 3 separate lineages
15What are the 3 domains?
Eubacteria (true bacteria)
Archaea (prokaryotic extremophiles)
Eukarya (all eukaryotic organisms)
16What are extremophiles?
Organisms that live in harsh conditions
17What is morphology?
Looking at the shape and form of an organism
18What is convergent evolution?
Similar morphology but are unrelated in evolutionary terms
19How can you overcome issues caused by convergent evolution?
Using biochemical analysis like DNA sequencing
20What are homologous structures?
Same structure but different functions, eg pentadactyl limbs
21What does the underlying form of organisms provide evidence of?
Relatedness
22What do homologous structures indicate?
That organisms are related
23How do analogous structures arise?
Thru convergent evolution
24What are analogous structures?
Function is same but origin of structure is different
25What are phogenetic trees?
Diagrams that represent the evolutionary pathways leading to different species
26How is biochemical evidence found?
Biological polymers have subunits that are different (DNA, RNA or protein) and can be used to establish relatedness- sequences are compared and counted
27What does it mean if there are more differences in a sequence?
More differences=less closely related the 2 organisms are
28How can fragments of DNA and proteins be separated?
Gel electrophoresis