D334 - Introduction to Cryptography

The hash value in bits for MD5 is ____.

Hashing involves taking a _____ length input and producing a _____ length output (message digest).

The hash value in bits for SHA-1 is ____.

The hash value in bits for MD4 is ____.

IPSec ______ mode involves "end-to-end" encryption; i.e. data remains encrypted from the time it leaves a sender's device to the time it arrives at the receiver's device.

IPSec ______ mode involves encryption from gateway to gateway, i.e. just through the public network space.

A security analyst on a local network using monitoring tools is likely to only be able to read contents of traffic encrypted using IPSec ______ mode.

_____ is a lightweight cryptography method for signing messages (MAC). It boasts a relatively undemanding hardware implementation (only ~3,333 gates required at 1MHz clock rate) making it suitable for IoT implementation.

Chaskey has a key size of _____ bits.

A weakness of one-way hashing is that the same piece of plaintext will result in the same ciphertext unless _____ is applied.

The minimum recommended key size to use with RC4 is _____ bits.

RC4 is a symmetric stream cipher with a variable key size up to a max of _____ bits.

_____ has a block size of 64 bits, key size of 56 bits, and 16 rounds of substitution & transposition.

A(n) _____ is a collection of precomputed hash values of actual plaintext passwords used for password cracking.

_____ is a common x.509 certificate file type that is used with both PEM and DER formats.

_____ has a block size of 64 bits, key size of 112 bits, and 48 rounds of substitution & transposition.

Key sizes used with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) include _____. _____, or _____.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) operates using _____ bit blocks.

Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher that uses a ______ bit key.

Enocoro operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) of _____ bits.

Skipjack has a block size of _____bits.

PHOTON, SPONGENT, Lesamnta-LW, and Quark are examples of light-weight _____.

_____ has a block size of 64 bits, key size of 128 bits, and >17 rounds of substitution & transposition.

_______ is a partially homomorphic crypto system that leverages prime number characteristics, operates with a 1024-4096 bit variable key size, and 1 round.

Blowfish and Twofish are both _____ ciphers with common key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits.

_____ is a symmetric block cipher that uses block sizes of 32, 64, or 128 bits and boasts a variable key size up to 2048 bits.

Quark produces a hash value of _____bits.

The block size used with XTEA is _____ bits.

The key size used with XTEA is _____ bits.

Camelia is a _____.

RC6 can best be described as a _____.

RC2 has a block size of 64 bits and variable key size up to 128 bits. What is the minimum recommended key size to use when employing RC2?

The light-weight symmetric steam cipher Mickey v2 operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) variable up to _____ bits.

RC4 is a(n) _____.

An entity seeking to obtain a digital certificate must generate and submit a _____ request to a certificate authority to request the certificate.

ChaCha is a(n) _____.

RSA and DSA are both_____.

_____ provides a method for key exchange using a one-way function.

_____ is a Lightweight cryptography method for signing messages (MAC).

WEP uses _____-bit RC4.

An entity seeking to obtain a digital certificate must first generate a _____ for themselves.

WPA uses _____-bit RC4.

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) uses 128-bit _____.

_____ substitution is where a single mapping from our alphabet to a cipher alphabet is created.

What step will a certificate authority (CA) take after generating a digital certificate for a requester, but before issuing the certificate to that requester?

_______ refers to the mapping of our alphabet to a number of cipher alphabets

_____ is considered to be unbreakable since it only uses its cipher code once.

_____ encoding involves 8-bit values and supports up to 256 characters

A _____ occurs when two different input values produce the same hash signature.

_____ is an encoding method with 16-bit values and supports up to 65,536 characters.

The light-weight symmetric stream cipher Trivium operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) of _____ bits.

A _____ is a tamper-evident and intrusion-resistant physical device that safeguards and manages cryptographic keys and provides cryptographic processing.

A _____ is a dedicated processor that handles hardware-level encryption; allows the use of full disk encryption on a hard drive in a manner that minimizes the impact on system performance.

_____ is a message authentication code (MAC) that can be used to verify the integrity and authentication of the message. It involves hashing the message with a secret key, and thus differs from standard hashing, which is purely a one-way function.

_____ ciphers make use of a single secret key for both encryption and decryption.

Solve by applying the binary XOR function.
1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0

Solve by applying the binary AND function.
11011
10000

Solve by applying the binary OR function.
11011
10000

15 mod 7 = _____

12 mod 7 = _____

The two types of symmetric ciphers are _____ and _____

When encrypting data using asymmetric cryptography, which key should be shared or distributed to facilitate decryption?

_____ are used to manage how blocks of data are processed in symmetric encryption.

Which symmetric block cipher modes enable the block cipher to operate like a stream cipher?

Symmetric block ciphers make use of _____ to perform substitution as part the encryption process.

PRESENT is a light-weight symmetric block cipher with a key size of 80 or 128 bits, 32 rounds, and ______ bit block size.

______ cryptography makes use of a key pair (one public, one private) to perform encryption and decryption. If a given key in a key pair is used for encryption, only the opposite key in that key pair can perform the reverse decryption.

When encrypting data using symmetric cryptography, which key may need to be exchanged to facilitate decryption?

RC5 is a conventional symmetric block cipher that is suitable for light-weight implementations. It has a variable key size with a max of _____bits.

What is the block and key size in bits used by the light-weight symmetric block cipher CLEFIA?

If Shawn employs public key cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Sue use to decrypt the message?

_____ is a public key encryption method that is an extension of El Gamal but adds a one-way hashing method which protects against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack.

With _____ encryption, we can perform mathematical operations on ciphered values i.e., before decryption.

_____ allows for a new unique passcode to be created for each instance, based on an initial seed and for a given time period.

Which encoding scheme for x.509 certificates supports Base64 and ASCII formats?

If Shawn plans to employ asymmetric cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Shawn use to sign the message?

If Shawn employs public key cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Sue use to verify the message?

Rabbit, Mickey v2, Trivium, Grain, and Enocoro are examples of light-weight _____ ciphers.

If Shawn plans to employ public key cryptography to send Sue a digitally signed message, which key will Shawn use to encrypt the message?

Which encoding scheme for x.509 certificates supports binary formats?

_____ describes one-way or irreversible encryption used for protecting the integrity of data and in authentication applications.

NIST categorizes servers, desktops, tablets and smart phones as devices within the device spectrum for _____cryptography.

NIST categorizes embedded systems, RFID, and sensor networks as devices within the device spectrum for _____cryptography.

_____ allows a new unique passcode to be created each instance, based on a counter value and an initial seed.

_____ computers have fast multiplication circuits, and thus can be used to perform multiplications and search a range of prime numbers at a speed which would break most existing RSA implementations.

_____ is a light-weight symmetric block cipher with variable block sizes, key sizes, and rounds, that is optimized for
hardware implementations.

_____ is a light-weight symmetric block cipher with variable block sizes, key sizes, and rounds, that is optimized for
software implementations.

PRESENT is a symmetric block cipher that was one of the first to be considered as a(n) _____ replacement for light-weight implementations.

Rabbit operates with a key size of ______ bits and an initialization vector (IV) of _____ bits.

______ is a secret key encryption algorithm, designed by the NSA, and was used with the Clipper chip.

The IV used with WEP is ____ bits.

The IV used with WPA is _____ bits.

Two variations of WPA are ____ and ____.

A5/3 is for _____ , and is based on the MISTY1 cipher.

A5/1 is designed to be used for the _____ network.

Google proposed _____ as an alternative to AES to be used with TLS connections.

_____ is a light-weight public key solution that uses Elliptic Curves along with a Diffie-Hellman related handshake between the RFID tag and the RFID reader in RFID implementations.

Buzhash, Cityhash, Spookyhash, and Bernstein are examples of _______ hash solutions.

____ allow for a new unique passcode to be created for each instance based on an initial seed.

The IPSec handshake takes place on UDP port _____ for key exchange.

What is the protocol number for encapsulating security protocol (ESP)?

What is the protocol number for IPSec Authentication Header (AH)?

With SSL/TLS, the tunnel is created with a _____ key method, and then a signature is created with a defined hashing method.

With a _____ tunnel we aim to create a connection from a host machine to a trusted network, and which is tunneled through a public network

_____ involves using subscriber computers to route data packets over the internet, instead of using publicly available routers.

With the ____ network, the routing is done using computers of volunteers around the world to route the traffic around the Internet, and within each hop the chances to trace the original source significantly reduces.

Establishing a fingerprint or thumbprint in cryptography is achieved by _____ algorithms.

A blockchain mining process where a new block of transactions is added to the blockchain and transactions within the block are considered to be processed occurs every ______ minutes or so.

____ describes a ledger of transactions that allows the Bitcoin network to know the number of bitcoins that a given user has in their account.

Bitcoin transactions will be captured by ______ who will compile a list of the latest transactions.

Regarding blockchain, miners receive _____ for successful mining efforts.

____ are programs stored on a blockchain that run when predetermined conditions are met; they typically are used to automate the execution of an agreement so that all participants can be immediately certain of the outcome, without an intermediary's involvement or time loss.

Within Ethereum applications we define the concept of _____ . This is basically the unit that is used to measure the amount of work that is required to perform a single Keccak-256 hash.

A _____ backdoor describes an instance where it is where it is mathematically possible for government agents to crack the encryption, but no-one else can.

Cipher cracking method where the intruder uses brute force to decrypt the ciphertext and tries every possible key.

Cipher cracking method where the intruder is hidden between two parties and impersonates each of them to the other.

Cipher cracking method where the intruder knows part of the ciphertext and the corresponding plaintext. The known ciphertext and plaintext can then be used to decrypt the rest of the ciphertext.

Which certificate management stage certificate involves certificate retrievalecovery and certificate validation?

During which stage of certificate management does certificate expiration and revocation take place?

Certificate distribution takes place in the _____ stage of certificate management.

A CRL must be published by the _____ who originally generated the targeted certificates.

An alterative to the CRL is to use_____, an online service used to check the validity of a certificate.

What is the main difference between a certificate in revoked status and a certificate in hold status?

A certificate that has been compromised, updated, or superseded warrants being ______.

A ____attack involves determining the amount of time that a user takes to decrypt the message; from this the key could be found.

A ___ attack is where an attacker mixes parts of two different encrypted messages and is able to create a new message. This message is likely to make no sense but may trick the receiver into doing something that helps the intruder.

___ describes an instance where an attacker takes a legitimate message and sends it into the network at some future time.

A ___ attack occurs when an attacker is hidden between two parties and impersonates each of them to the other.

Key escrow and NOBUS (nobody but us) are two methods that can facilitate a ____ condition in cryptography.

Ethereum, and Hyperledger are considered common options for implementing _____.

___ is an early cipher that makes use of a grid and which maps the letters into numeric values.

____ is an early cipher that uses a 5 × 5 matrix containing the alphabet less the letter J. Cipher/decipher process consists of a set of rules outlining use of column and row combinations.

_____ is a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher that makes use of mapping plaintext characters to graphical characters rather than to alphabetic ones.

_____ is polyalphabetic early cipher that involves using a different mapping, based on a keyword, for each character of the cipher.

____ is a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher known as "shift" cipher that involves plaintext being replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet.

____ is an early cipher that uses four 5 × 5 matrices arranged in a square, are where each matrix contains 25 letters for encoding and decoding operations.

What is the block size for AES?

With the _____ block cipher mode, the encrypted version of the IV produced in the first stage (during processing of the first block) is fed into the second stage and encrypted.

What is the key size for 3DES?

AES when operating with 10 rounds uses what key size?

AES when operating with 10 rounds uses what block size?

AES when operating with 14 rounds uses what key size?

AES when operating with 12 rounds uses what key size?

Which variation of Elliptic Curve cryptography is used to support symmetric key exchange?

The Paillier cryptosystem supports _____ encryption.

PKCS #__ is a standard used for password-based encryption.

PKCS #__is used to sign and/or encrypt messages for PKI.

AES can be susceptible to a copy-and-paste attack when used with which block cipher mode?

___ has proven to be free from major vulnerabilities, but poor implementation of the encryption method leaves it susceptible to attacks such as: Brute force, use of Non-Random Numbers, copy-and-paste and timing attacks.

_____ measures the amount of unpredictability, and in encryption it relates to the degree of uncertainty of the encryption process.

For secure communications using HTTPS, the _____ is used to prove the identity of the server for which the Web browser connects to.

A digital certificate contains the _____ key of the entity the certificate is issued to.

WPA supported Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), which used an initialization vector (IV) value of _____ bits.

LM Hash is used in many versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems to store user passwords that are fewer than _____ characters in length.

With a group of 70 people in a room, there is a 99.9% chance two of those people were born on the same day. This probability theory is used as a brute force method in cryptography called _______.

_____ provides a cryptography method to give a verifiable method that a data entity was created at a defined time.

____ is a public key method that is used in both encryption and digital signing. It is used in many applications and uses discrete logarithms.

____ is a method that involves generating a encryption key from a piece of the identity of the recipient.

Secure sockets layer (SSL) uses which symmetric stream cipher?

With the _____ block cipher mode, within the first stage (during processing of the first block), the data block is XOR'd with the encrypted version of the IV value. The output of the XOR function is then fed into the second stage and encrypted.

The ___ block cipher mode facilitates parallel processing of data blocks.

_____ cryptography is better suited for real-time communications implementations than ______ cryptography due to its relative faster speed.

With NTLM, each of the characters in a password are converted into _____.

IPSec tunnel mode involves using _____ for routing.

IPSec transport mode involves using _____ for routing.