1According to ___, Learning is the result of connections made between the stimulus conditions in the environment (S) and the individual’s responses (R)—Sometimes termed S-R model of learning.
Behaviorist learning theory
2A ___ is applied after a Response in order to strengthen the probability that the response will be performed again under similar conditions.
REINFORCER
3According to BEHAVIORIST LEARNING THEORY, Learning is the result of connections made between the stimulus conditions in the environment (S) and the individual’s responses (R)—Sometimes termed ___
S-R model of learning
4Approaches the study of learning by focusing on behaviors that can be observed , measured, and changed.
Behaviorist learning theory
5To encourage people to learn new information or to change their attitudes and responses, ___ (2)
Behaviorists recommend:
1. Altering conditions in the environment and
2. reinforcing positive behaviors after they occur.
6According to the BEHAVIORIST LEARNING THEORY, there are two ways to change behavior and encourage learning using behaviorist principles. (2)
1. Respondent conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
7Emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions in the environment and the associations formed in the learning process.
Respondent conditioning
8NS
Neutral stimulus (NS)
9UCS
Unconditioned or unlearned stimulus (UCS)
10UCR
Unconditioned response (UCR)
11A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated w/ a meaningful stimulus and produces a similar response.
Respondent conditioning
12Respondent conditioning is also called ___
Classical conditioning
13In simpler terms, respondent conditioning involves___
Respondent conditioning involves learning to associate one stimulus w/ another, which then triggers a response.
14Learning or Conditioning is quite simple:
1. NS + UCS ---> UCR (Explain)
A neutral stimulus (NS) has no particular meaning or value to the learner is paired with Naturally occurring unconditioned or unlearned stimulus (UCS) and Unconditioned response (UCR)
15Learning or Conditioning is quite simple:
1. NS + UCS ---> UCR
2. NS ---> UCR (Explain)
After a few such pairing the neutral stimulus (NS) alone w/o the unconditioned stimulus (UCR) will produce the same response
16Learning or Conditioning is quite simple:
1. NS + UCS ---> UCR
2. NS ---> UCR
3. CS ---> CR (Explain)
w/o thought or awareness learning occurs when the newly conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated w/ conditioned response (CR)
17Focuses on the behavior of the individual and the reinforcement that occurs after the response.
Operant conditioning
18Operant conditioning is also called ___
Instrumental conditioning
19A type of learning where behaviors are strengthen/weakened by the consequences that follow them. In ___, organisms learn to associate their behaviors w/either reinforcement or punishment.
Operant conditioning
20In operant conditioning, ___ increases the likelihood of the behavior occuring again.
Reinforcement
21In operant conditioning, ___ decreases the likelihood of the behavior from occuring again.
Punishment
22May provide the basis for long-lasting attitudes toward medicine, healthcare facilities, and health professionals.
Principle of Respondent conditioning
23Define the Principle of Respondent Conditioning
It is used to extinguish a previously learned response, which has been found to be especially useful in teaching people to reduce their anxiety or break bad habits.
24In health care, respondent conditioning has been used to treat ___ (3)
Addiction, Phobias, and Tension
25Learning occurs as the organism Responds to S- stimuli in the environment and is reinforced for making a particular response.
Principle of Operant conditioning
26To increase learning, apply ___ after the behavior occurs.
Positive reinforcement/Rewards
27To decrease a bad habits, is accomplished by using either ___.
Nonreinforcement/Punishment.
28If nonreinforcement does not work, then ___ may be employed as way to decrease responses. There are a risks to use ___—learner may become so emotionally upset (ashamed, sad, or angry).
Punishment
29For operant conditioning to be effective, it is necessary to ___ the behaviors to each individual.
Assess what kinds of reinforcement are likely to increase or decrease
30___ has been found to work well with nursing home and long-term care residents and with patients who are not very verbal or do not engage in much thought or reflection
Operant conditioning
31The success of operant conditioning partially depends on___. In early stages learning needs to be reinforced every time it occurs.
when the enforcement is applied
32The cognitive theory was formulated by ___ a swiss psychologist (1896-1980).
Jean Piaget
33____ is the mental activities involved in thinking, knowing, & remembering
Cognition
34In contrast to behaviorist theory, cognitive theory focuses on what goes on ___.
“inside” the learner.
35In contrast to behaviorist theory, cognitive theory focuses on the learner's ___ (4)
1. Perception
2. Thought
3. Memory and
4. Ways of processing and structuring information
36Explain the cognitive learning theory.
According to this perspective for individual to learn, they must change their perception and thoughts and form a new understanding and insights.
37Cognitive theorists , unlike behaviorists, believe that ___. More important are learners’ goals and expectations, which create disequilibrium, imbalance, and tension that motivate them to act.
that reward is not necessary for learning.
38According ___, learning involves perceiving the information, interpretation, and reorganizing information into new insights.
Cognitive learning theory
39The individuals’ ___ are the sources of motivation that create disequilibrium, imbalance, tension and the desire to learn.
goals and expectations
40Cognitive learning theory: Approaches to learning. Within the cognitive theory several approaches to learning such as: (4)
1. Gestalt perspective
2. Cognitive development
3. Information processing
4. Social cognition
41It focuses on the idea that perception is more than just the sum of its parts and that individuals organize their experiences into coherent wholes. In terms of learning, this approach suggests that learners actively construct their understanding of the world based on their perceptions and interpretations.
Gestalt perspective
42Define the Gestalt perspective
This perspective emphasizes how individuals perceive and interpret information as a whole, rather than as isolated elements.
43Piaget proposed that individuals go through distinct stages of ___, each characterized by different ways of thinking and understanding the world. Learning is seen as a process of actively constructing knowledge through interaction with the environment.
Cognitive Development
44Define the Cognitive Development
This approach, often associated with the work of Jean Piaget, focuses on the stages of intellectual development that individuals progress through as they mature.
45This approach likens the human mind to a computer, suggesting that information is processed in a series of stages, including input, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Information-Processing Perspective
46The way individuals perceive, process, store, and retrieve information from experiences determines how learning occurs and what is learned.
Information-Processing Perspective
47Organizing information and making it meaningful aids the attention and storage process; learning occurs through guidance, feedback, and assessing and correcting errors.
eg. Next pg…………………………..
Information-Processing Perspective
48Define Information-Processing Perspective
Learning is viewed as the acquisition and processing of information, with a focus on how individuals perceive, attend to, and remember information.
49Stages of information processing: (5)
1. Attention
2. Sensory processing
3. Short term memory storage
4. Long term memory storage
5. Action response
50It explores how individuals' thoughts, perceptions, and motivations are influenced by their interactions with others and the broader social context. ___, for example, highlights the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy beliefs, and social modeling in the learning process.
Social Cognition
51Define Social Cognition
This perspective emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in shaping cognition and learning.
52The Cognitive Development: According to Piaget there are four sequential stages of Cognitive development___ (4)
1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Preoperational Stage
3. Concrete Operations Stage
4. Formal operations stage
53During infancy where infants explore their environment and attempts to coordinate sensory information with motor skills.
Sensorimotor Stage
54(birth to 2 years old): During this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions. They develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
Sensorimotor Stage
55During early childhood where youngsters are able to:
- mentally represent the environment
- regard the world from their own egocentric (self centered) perspective and come to grips with symbolization
Preoperational stage
56(2 to 7 years old): In this stage, children begin to use language and symbols to represent objects and ideas. They engage in symbolic play and show egocentrism, the inability to see things from another person's perspective.
Preoperational stage
57The ___ during elementary school years where children are able to attend to more than one dimension at a time conceptualize relationships and operate on the environment.
Concrete operational stage
58(7 to 11 years old): During this stage, children develop the ability to think logically about concrete events and objects. They can perform conservation tasks and understand concepts like reversibility and seriation.
Concrete operational stage
59During adolescence where teenagers begin to think abstractly (theoretically), are able to deal with the future and can see alternatives and criticize
Formal operational stage
60(11 years old and beyond): In this stage, adolescents and adults develop the ability to think abstractly and logically about hypothetical situations. They can engage in deductive reasoning and problem-solving and consider multiple perspectives on complex issues.
Formal operational stage
61Principles of cognitive learning theory: The role of the teacher...
The role of the teacher is to assess learner’s developmental stage, goal & expectations, preferred style, then organize learning experience to be meaningful and keep learning simple and at appropriate level
62In ___, Learning is often a social process, and other individuals, especially “significant others,” provide compelling examples or role models for how to think, feel, and act.
Social Learning Theory
63___, also known as social cognitive theory, emphasizes the role of observation, imitation, and modeling in learning.
Albert Bandura's theory of social learning
64Bandura proposed that individuals learn not only through direct experience but also by observing the actions and outcomes of others. This ___ occurs when someone observes another person's behavior and its consequences.
Observational learning
65According to the social learning theory, Once an individual has observed a behavior, ___. This imitation can occur if the observed behavior is seen as rewarding or if the individual identifies with the model (the person they are observing).
they may imitate or model that behavior themselves
66Bandura emphasized the importance of ___. These models can be individuals in one's immediate environment (such as parents, teachers, or peers) or symbolic models portrayed in media (such as celebrities or fictional characters). The behavior of these models serves as a guide for one's own behavior.
ROLE MODELS in the learning process
67Bandura also highlighted the role of reinforcement in social learning. Individuals are more likely to imitate behaviors that are followed by positive consequences (reinforcement) and less likely to imitate behaviors that result in negative consequences. Additionally, individuals may learn from the experiences of others, even if they themselves do not directly experience the consequences—a concept known as ___.
Vicarious reinforcement
68In summary, Bandura's theory of social learning suggests ___
That learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling of others' behaviors, with reinforcement playing a crucial role in shaping which behaviors are imitated.
69 In Albert Bandura's social cognitive/learning theory framework, ___interact in a dynamic way to influence human functioning and learning. (3)
Behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors
70At the core of social cognitive theory is the idea that ___ is influenced by both internal and external factors. ___ refers to the actions individuals engage in, such as speaking, walking, or problem-solving. Bandura emphasizes that behavior is not simply a response to environmental stimuli but is also influenced by cognitive processes, such as self-regulation and goal setting.
Behavior
71According to Bandura's social learning theory, define BEHAVIOR.
Bandura emphasizes that behavior is not simply a response to environmental stimuli but is also influenced by cognitive processes, such as self-regulation and goal setting. Behavior itself can influence both personal factors (e.g., through self-reflection and evaluation of outcomes) and environmental factors (e.g., through eliciting reactions from others or changing the physical environment).
72In Albert Bandura's social cognitive/learning theory framework, ___ encompass individual characteristics such as beliefs, values, attitudes, and cognitive skills. These internal factors play a significant role in shaping behavior.
Personal factors
73According to Bandura's social learning theory, explain PERSONAL FACTORS.
Personal factors, such as self-efficacy beliefs, can influence how individuals perceive and interpret their environment, which in turn affects their behavior. For example, someone's self-efficacy beliefs (their confidence in their ability to perform a specific task) can impact their motivation and behavior. Other personal factors include cognitive abilities, personality traits, and emotional states.
74In Albert Bandura's social cognitive/learning theory framework,___ include the social, cultural, and physical contexts in which individuals live and interact. This encompasses aspects such as family dynamics, peer influence, societal norms, educational opportunities, and access to resources.
Environmental factors
75According to Bandura's social learning theory, explain ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
Environmental factors provide the context within which behavior occurs and can influence the likelihood of certain behaviors being reinforced or punished. Environmental factors, such as social norms or peer pressure, can shape individuals' personal factors, such as beliefs and attitudes.
76In the social learning theory, ___ is the central concept of the theory.
Role modeling
77___ can be considered a bridge or a transition between behaviorist learning theories and cognitive learning theories.
Social learning theory
78Behaviorists say that learning has to be represented by a ___
Permanent change in behavior
79Principles of social learning theory, the theory focuses on the ff. (4)
1. Focus on role model,
2. the reinforcement that a model has received,
3. the social environment and
4. the four self regulating processes within the learner
80Principles of social learning theory, the role of the teacher is to ___
Act as a typical role model, to use effective role models in teaching that are rewarded for their behavior, to assess the internal self-regulation of the learner, to provide feedback for learner’s performance
81According to the social learning theory, much of the learning occurs by ___, watching others and learning what happens with them.
Observation
82Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a ___. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling.
Social context
83Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory. He outlined a four-step, largely internal process that directs social learning. the behaviorist and cognitive dimensions of the theory.
What are the four steps, which are internal processes that direct social learning? (4)
1. Attention phase: attention to role models that are high status.
2. Retention phase: the storage and retrieval of what was observed.
3. Reproduction phase: learner copies the observed behavior.
4. Motivation phase: whether the learner is motivated to perform the learned behavior.
84Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory. He outlined a four-step, largely internal process that directs social learning. the behaviorist and cognitive dimensions of the theory.
In this phase, the individual pays attention to role models who are considered high status or influential. This involves focusing on the behavior of others and observing their actions closely. Bandura highlighted the significance of ___ because for learning to occur, individuals need to pay ___ to the models and the behaviors they exhibit.
1. Attention phase: attention to role models that are high status.
85Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory. He outlined a four-step, largely internal process that directs social learning. the behaviorist and cognitive dimensions of the theory.
Once the behavior has been observed, it needs to be stored in memory for future reference. During the ___, the individual processes and encodes the observed behavior, making it available for later retrieval. This involves mental processes related to memory and cognitive storage mechanisms.
2. Retention phase: the storage and retrieval of what was observed.
86Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory. He outlined a four-step, largely internal process that directs social learning. the behaviorist and cognitive dimensions of the theory.
In this phase, the individual reproduces or imitates the observed behavior. They engage in the behavior they have observed, attempting to replicate it based on their memory of the model's actions. This phase involves motor skills and coordination as the individual attempts to physically perform the behavior they have learned.
3. Reproduction phase: learner copies the observed behavior.
87Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory. He outlined a four-step, largely internal process that directs social learning. the behaviorist and cognitive dimensions of the theory.
In this phase, the individual's ___ to perform the learned behavior plays a crucial role. ___ can be influenced by various factors, including the perceived consequences of the behavior, internal drives, and external incentives or rewards. If the individual is motivated to perform the behavior, they are more likely to engage in it; if not, they may choose not to replicate the observed behavior.
4. Motivation phase: whether the learner is motivated to perform the learned behavior.
88Explain the 4 steps/internal processes that direct social learning.
The four phases together outline the process through which social learning occurs according to Bandura's theory. Attention to role models, retention of observed behaviors, reproduction of those behaviors, and motivation to perform them are all integral parts of the learning process within this framework.
89Focus on learner’s personality development, significant childhood experiences, conscious and unconscious motivations, id(social values and standards taught)-ego(self) –superego(integrity, morality) conflicts and defensive behaviors
Psychodynamic theory
90According to the psychodynamic theory, the teacher’s role is to___
To listen, ask probing questions about motivations and wishes, assess emotional barriers to learning, and make learning pleasurable while working to promote ego strength in learners
91The assumptions that each individual is unique and that all individuals have a desire to grow in positive way.
Humanistic theory
92According to humanistic, ___ are the keys to learning, communication, and understanding.
Feeling and Emotions
93According to the Humanistic Learning Theory, learning occurs on the basis of a person's___
Learning occurs on the basis of a person’s motivation, derived from needs, the desire to grow in positive ways, self-concept, and subjective feelings.
94According to the Humanistic Learning Theory, Learning is facilitated by caring facilitators and a nurturing environment that encourage___ (4)
1. spontaneity,
2. creativity,
3. emotional expression, and
4. positive choices
95One of the best-known humanistic theorist is ___
Abraham Maslow
96What is MASLOW's contribution to the humanistic theory?
Maslow suggested that as individuals progress up the hierarchy, they become increasingly motivated by higher-level needs. However, the fulfillment of higher-level needs does not negate the importance of lower-level needs; rather, the hierarchy represents a progression in which lower needs must be met before higher needs can become motivating factors.
97Abraham Maslow formulated the ___. This theory suggests that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy, with basic physiological needs such as food, water, and shelter at the base, and higher-order needs such as self-actualization and self-transcendence at the top.
Hierarchy of needs
985 stages of needs according to Maslow
1. **Physiological Needs**: These are the most basic needs required for human survival, such as food, water, air, shelter, and sleep. Without fulfilling these needs, a person cannot function optimally.
2. **Safety Needs**: Once physiological needs are met, individuals seek safety and security. This includes physical safety (e.g., protection from harm), financial security, health security, and stability in various aspects of life.
3. **Love and Belongingness Needs**: After safety needs are satisfied, people crave social connections and a sense of belonging. This includes the need for love, friendship, intimacy, and acceptance by others, whether in personal relationships, social groups, or communities.
4. **Esteem Needs**: With social needs met, individuals strive for self-esteem and the esteem of others. This involves feelings of self-worth, confidence, respect, recognition, and achievement. Esteem needs can be met through accomplishments, status, and recognition from others.
5. **Self-Actualization Needs**: At the top of Maslow's hierarchy are self-actualization needs. Once lower-level needs are sufficiently met, individuals seek personal growth, fulfillment of potential, and self-actualization. This involves realizing one's talents, pursuing creative endeavors, seeking personal growth, and striving toward becoming the best version of oneself.
99According the principles of learning, the humanistic theory focuses on ___
Focus on the learner’s desire for positive growth, subjective feelings, needs, self- concept, choices in life, and interpersonal relation ships
100According the principles of learning based on the humanistic theory, what is the role of the teacher?
The teacher’s role is to assess and encourage changes in learner’s concept, and feelings by providing support, freedom to choose, and opportunities for creativity.
101Experiences that affect learning: (3)
1. Educator must be knowledgeable
2. Learner’s past experience
3. Lack of clarity and meaningfulness on what is to be learned, neglect, poor role models, confusing reinforcement, inappropriate materials for learner’s ability.
102To ensure learning is permanent: (6)
1. Organize the learning experience
2. Make it meaningful
3. Pace the presentations
4. Practicing new information
5. Reinforcement
6. Assess and evaluate learning