Biology Chapter 3&4&5 Vocabulary

the combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)

the amount of intial energy necessary for reactions to occur

a specifc region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

the mechanism for inhabiting enzyme action in which a regulatory molecule binds to a second site (not the active site) and intitates a conformation change in the active site, preventing binding with the substrate

describes the pathway that requires a net energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

the use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosomosis

the cells energy currency

a membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it

the concept of energy flow through living systems

describes the pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional production of the reaction

the movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP

a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that harvests the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to gernerate ATP; the citric acid cycle is an aerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen in later reactions to proceed.

a general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule other than the enzyme's substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent the substrate itself from binding, thus inhibiting the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme

a series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the innter mitchondrial membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvests energy from series of chemical reactins to generate hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane

describes a chemical reaction that results in productions that store more chemical potential engergy than the reactants

a molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reation

describes a chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants, plus the release of free energy

a mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which the product of a reaction or the final product of a series of sequential reactions inhibits an enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction series

the steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to regenerate NAD+; occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron acceptor

the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

the energy transferred from one system to another that is not work

the type of energy associated with objects in motion

all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use energy and those that use energy and those that release energy

a general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a regulation in which a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site and prevents the active site from binding the substrate; thus, the inhibitor molecule does not compete with the substrate for the active site; allosteric inhibtionis a form of noncompetitive inhibtion.

the production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules

the type of energy that refers to the potential to do work

a molecule on which the enzyme acts

the science of the realtionships between heat, energy, and work

the specific pattern of absorption for a substance that absorbs electromagnectic radiation

an organism capable of producing its own food

the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules

the process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic compounds

the green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis

the form of cholorphyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light

the form of chlorophyll that absorbs ble and red-organge light

the organelle where phosynthesis takes place

the range of all possible frequencies of radiation

a stack of thylakoids located inside a chloroplast

an organism that consumers other organisms for food

the first stage of photosynthesis where visible light is absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH)

the middle layer of cells in a leaf

an organism capable of synthesizing its own food molecules (storing energy), using the energy of light

a distincet quantity or "packet" of light energy

a group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions photosynthesis to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy

a molecule that is capable of absorbing light energy

the opening that regulates gas exchange and water regulation between leaves and the environment; plural; stomata

the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a cholorplast where the Calvin cycle reactions of photsynthesis take place

a disc-shaped membranous structure inside a chlorplace where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take places using chloropgyll embedded in the membranes

the distance between consecutive points of a wave

the method of transporting material that requires energy

a rigid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in Archaea, and chitin in fungi that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell

a large plant cell organelle that acts as a storage compartment, water reservoir, and site of macromolecule degradation

a plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis

protein-DNA complex that serves as the chromosomes' building material

structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material

(plural: cilia) a short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell

an area of high concentration across from an area of low concentration

the entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

the network of protein fibers that collectively maintains the shape of the cell, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move

the gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended

a linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments

a passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material down its concentration gradient

a gradient produced by the combined forces of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient

a type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell

the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

a series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids

a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs

a process of passing material out of a cell

the material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animal cells that holds cells together as a tissue, allows cells to communicate with each other, and provides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissue

a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins

(plural: flagella) the long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell

a model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character

a channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and other low-molecular weight substances to pass between the cells, enabling the cells to communicate

a eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell

describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell

describes a solution in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell

an organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

the instrument that magnifies an object

(singular: mitochondrion) the cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule

the double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus

the darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosomal subunits

the cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

a membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell

the total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution

the transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a membrane

a method of transporting material that does not require energy

a small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons

a process that takes particulate matter like macromolecules, cells, or cell fragments that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid; a variation of endocytosis

a process that takes solutes that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid; a variation of endocytosis

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

(plural: plasmodesmata) a channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell

a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

a variant of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles

a cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis

the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribsomes and engages in protiens modification

the characteristic of a membrane that allows some substances through but not others (also known as semipermeable)

the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants, and stores calcium ions

a substance dissolved in another to form a solution

a firm seal between two adjacent animal cells created by protein adherence

the amount of solute in a solution.

the biological concept that states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells

a membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, that functions in cellular storage and transport

a small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus