1What is a calorie?
A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and receives from food
2Why are carbohydrates important worldwide?
They are widely available, easy to grow, low in cost, and easily stored
3What is a saccharide?
A simple sugar or combination of sugars; a carbohydrate
4What is glucose?
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
5What is fructose?
Fruit sugar
6What type of sugar is found in honey?
Fructose
7What are simple carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
8What are complex carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
9What is glycogen?
The storage form of glucose
10What is sucrose?
Glucose + fructose; table sugar
11What is lactose?
Glucose + galactose; milk sugar
12What is maltose?
Glucose + glucose
13What are polysaccharides?
Carbohydrates made up of more than two monosaccharides; complex carbohydrates
14What is starch?
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose
15What are whole grains?
Grains that contain the whole kernel, including the bran, germ, and endosperm
16What is dietary fiber?
Plant material that cannot be digested
17What are the benefits of dietary fiber?
It increases satiety, delays stomach emptying, establishes regular bowel movements, reduces the risk of heart and artery disease by lowering blood cholesterol, and regulates glucose absorption
18What is phytic acid?
A nonnutrient component of plant seeds that can bind minerals such as zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, and copper
19What is cellulose?
A carbohydrate component of plant cell walls
20What is lignin?
A substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid
21What is a chelator?
A ligand that binds to a metal to form a metal complex
22What is the recommended dietary fiber intake for adults?
25–38 g/day
23What is the gut microbiome?
The bacteria and other organisms that live inside the gastrointestinal tract
24What are nutritive sweeteners?
Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol that contain calories
25What can excessive consumption of sugar alcohols cause?
Diarrhea
26What are nonnutritive sweeteners?
Sweeteners that yield no energy or insignificant energy, such as aspartame
27How many calories are in one gram of carbohydrate?
4 calories
28What are ketones?
Chemical substances produced when the body does not have enough insulin; they result from rapid breakdown of fat and can be toxic in large amounts
29Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
In the mouth with salivary amylase
30What is mastication?
The act of chewing
31What is peristalsis?
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that move food in one direction through the digestive system
32What is hydrochloric acid?
A substance produced by the stomach that is necessary for digestion of food
33What is pancreatic amylase?
An enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine that digests remaining starch into maltose
34What do brush border enzymes do?
They break down double sugars into simple sugars and complete protein digestion
35What is lactose intolerance?
An impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme lactase
36What are symptoms of lactose intolerance?
Gas, bloating, and diarrhea
37What is the DGA recommendation for added sugar?
Less than 10% of total calories