Anemia

Anemia causes a decrease in amount of oxygen transported in blood. Do tissues become hypoxic or hypoxic?

Decrease in amount of oxygen transported in blood is due to a decreased Hb content of blood. List 2 conditions that cause a decreased Hb content

Hypoxia means less ATP for chemical reactions. Decreased chemical reactions means less heat released.

In response to hypoxia, respiratory system increases breathing rate to increase oxygen delivery

CNS response to hypoxia

Due to decreased amount of Hb in blood and cutaneous vasoconstriction

Tissue hypoxia causes vasodilation. Body compensates for hypoxia induced vasodilation by increasing cardiac output.

Decreased metabolism

Very large, immature, nucleated RBCs (megaloblasts) with normal HB levels.

Low blood Hb content due to decreased RBC number

Absence of intrinsic factor which is needed for absorption of vitamin B12

Deficit of vitamin B12 interferes with DNA synthesis affecting cell division so less RBCs produced.

Absence of intrinsic factor may be caused by autoimmune disease, alcoholism, and gastric surgery

RBCs have shorter life span contributing to decreased RBC number

RBCs have normal Hb

Patients exhibit pancytopenia

(increase in all blood cells

Low blood Hb due to low numbers of RBCs

Half of cases idiopathic

Rest due to decreased bone marrow function. Decreased bone marrow function can be due to toxins, radiation, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, genetic abnormalities

Life threatening

RBC lysis resulting in jaundice. RBCs not sickle shaped. RBCs appear normal

Low blood Hb due to decreased numbers of

RBCs and decreased

Hb concentration

Deficient dietary intake of iron

Chronic blood loss

Impaired duodenal absorption of iron

Severe liver disease decreases production of iron storage proteins

Cancer and some infections

RBC lysis resulting in jaundice. RBCs not sickle shaped. RBCs appear normal

Low blood Hb due to decreased numbers of

RBCs and decreased

Hb concentration

Inherited condition due missing or abnormal gene for hemoglobin which decreases amount of normal Hb produced

Abnormal Hb damages RBC causing lysis

RBCs sickle shaped. Sickle shape results in extensive RBC lysis. RBC lysis results in jaundice

Low blood Hb due to decreased numbers of

RBCs

Inherited condition due to abnormal gene for Hb. Sickle cell Hb has one amino acid that is different from normal Hb

Sickle shaped RBC more likely to lyse decreasing RBC number

Decreased regeneration of epithelial cells Manifestations

Results of low hemoglobin concentration in cells Manifestation

Epithelial lining in moth, sloughed off quickly due to abrasions, grows back slowly due to B12 deficiency Manifestation

Due to decreased in gastric acid and enzyme secretion caused by atrophy of gastric mucosa Manifestation

Demyelination of sensory and motor nerves Manifestation

Defect of vitamin B12 Manifestation

Due to leukopenia Manifestation

Due to thrombocytopenia Manifestation

Inherited condition. Due to abnormal gene for Hb. Gene is recessive so an individual must be homozygous for the gene to have condition. Heterozygous individuals (1 normal and 1 abnormal gene) is protective against malaria.

Inherited condition due missing or abnormal gene for Hb. Causes decreased production of hemoglobin. Most common genetic condition in world. Homozygous individuals have severe form while heterozygous individuals have mild form.

RBC lysis results increased bilirubin in levels (hyperbilirubinemia) Manifestation

Sickle cell cause congestion Manifestation

Vascular occlusions and infractions Manifestation

Occlusion and infections in lungs Manifestation

True or False. Thalessemia is the most common genetic condition in the world

Severe form of Thalessemia. Occurs in homozygous individuals (have 2 copies of the defective gene. One on each chromosome of the chromosome pair)

Mild form of Thalassemia. Occurs in heterozygous individuals (have 1 normal gene and one defective gene)