Biology

A drug that destroys bacteria or stops their growth. Doesnt kill viruses. e.g penicillin

molecules on the surface of pathogens

made by lymphocytes. triggers and immune system response. make pathogens come together in clumps to be destroyed .

Deliberate exposure of antigens. Triggers and immune system response. build immunity.

course not fully completed. Pathogens may survive and reproduce, leaving bacteria antibiotic resistant.

bacteria which is resistant to antibiotics .

Microorganisms that caused disease. Can be easily spread e.g. contact aerosol water insects

Resistance infection, e.g. skin flora intact, skin or stomach acid .

engulf the microorganism . White blood cell.

Recognises specific invading antigens , produces antitoxins, white blood cell.

most harmless or useful . some course diseases e.g. pathogens, fungi, bacteria, or viruses.

Maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the environment .

Controlled by insulin and glucogen, secreted by the pancreas.

Starts after vigourous exercise , glucogen is released.

Start after eating meals , insulin is released.

Chemical messages carried by blood , controls body functions, often released into the pancreas kidney or liver.

disease were bodies insulin control mechanism is impaired .

Body does not release insulin, inherited condition.

Cells don’t respond to signals from insulin , obesity is a risk factor.

Glucose in urine detected by a Benedict test .

Injecting insulin , pancreas transplants, carbohydrate diet, low sugar.

Controls movement by sending electrical signals along specialised nerve cells called neutrons . the nervous system is made up of the brain the spinal cord and the central nervous system.

Sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons .

Detect specific stimuli , environmental and internal changes, e.g. temperature or sound.

Involuntary , automatic response to a stimulus. serves as a protective mechanism e.g. pulling hand away from a fire. components are stimulus, receptor effector, response, coordinator.

Action by hormonal system or nervous system which returns body internal conditions to normal .

Blood vessels in the skin widen so heat is loss to the environment

Blood vessels in the skin getting narrower so less heat is loss to the environment .

change in species overtime .

A random change in DNA.

Natural disaster, failure to adapt, others adapting better .

Unspecialised cells able to change into a range of different cells . ( unspecialised means not adapted to a specific job)

Treats a range of illnesses , not rejected by the body, faster.

Ethnical issues of destroying an embryo , expensive, unknown long-term effects.

Makes two genetically identical cells. Diploid.

Makes four genetically identical cells . haploid