1What is CNS vs. PNS
a. CNS= +
b. PNS= +
What is CNS vs. PNS
a. CNS= Brain + Spinal Cord
b. PNS= Somatic + Autonomic
2CNS vs. PNS Function
a.CNS: Receives + produces
b.PNS: + Function
CNS vs. PNS Function
a.CNS: Receives sensory input + produces motor output
b.PNS: Somatic + Autonomic Function
3Somatic Function?
a. action
b. SAME ( =afferent, = efferent)
Somatic Function?
a. Voluntary action
b. SAME (sensory =afferent, motor = efferent)
4Autonomic function?
action
Autonomic function?
Involuntary action
53 divisions of autonomic nervous system
1. , 2. , 3.
3 divisions of autonomic nervous system
1. Parasympathetic, 2. Enteric, 3. Sympathetic
6Main function of Somatic v. Autonomic
Movement ( AND ) vs. internal
Main function of Somatic v. Autonomic
Movement (reflex AND voluntary) vs. internal homeostasis
7CNS has and Matter. What’s the difference?
Grey matter = many , ,
White matter = white from
CNS has Grey and White Matter. What’s the difference?
Grey matter = many dendrites, unmyelinated, neuron bodies
White matter = white from myelin
8What is the role of cerebral spinal fluid?
, , ,
What is the role of cerebral spinal fluid?
Cushioning, waste, nutrient, hormone circulation
9Role of axon? Axon hillock?
Axon = ( receive)
Axon hillock = Message
Role of axon? Axon hillock?
Axon = transmit signals (dendrites receive)
Axon hillock = Message transmission initiation
10What is a gap junction?
of two cells connected by cluster of channels
What is a gap junction?
Cytoplasm of two cells connected by cluster of ion channels
11What is a syncytium?
a. When cells in large numbers
b. When action potential elicited , it travels in directions
What is a syncytium?
a. When cells electrically connect in large numbers
b. When action potential elicited anywhere, it travels in all directions
12Functional unit of a gap junction?
a.
Functional unit of a gap junction?
a.Connexon
13What makes the myelin sheath in PNS? CNS?
a.PNS: cells
b.CNS:
What makes the myelin sheath in PNS? CNS?
a.PNS: Schwann cells
b.CNS: Oligodendrocytes
14What is CNS vs. PNS
a. CNS= +
b. PNS= +
What is CNS vs. PNS
a. CNS= Brain + Spinal Cord
b. PNS= Somatic + Autonomic
15Function of ependymal cells?
a.
Function of ependymal cells?
a. CF circulation
16Function of Astrocytes
. REGULATE + .
Function of Astrocytes
Blood brain barrier. REGULATE LOCAL BLOOD FLOW + EXTRACELLULAR CHEMICALS.
17Function of Oligodendrocytes
a. Increase speed of
Function of Oligodendrocytes
a. Increase speed of AP.
18What is a graded potential?
Changes in charge of the dendrite/cell body region that are
What is a graded potential?
Changes in charge of the dendrite/cell body region that are VARIABLE
19What is an action potential?
Changes in charge of axon that are
What is an action potential?
Changes in charge of axon that are IDENTICAL.
20What is resting potential? What drives it? Why?
a. Resting potential is . Due to resting potential of . At resting, channels closed and conductance is low.
What is resting potential? What drives it? Why?
a. Resting potential is -70 mV. Due to resting potential of K+. At resting, Na+ channels closed and conductance Na+ is low.
21What causes depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization?
a.Depolarization is due to enter
b.Repolarization is due to pump pumping out and in
c.Hyperpolarizing is due to axon
What causes depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization?
a.Depolarization is due to Na+ enter
b.Repolarization is due to Na+/K+ pump pumping Na+ out and K+ in
c.Hyperpolarizing is due to K+ leaving axon
22What causes resting conditions to be restored?
a. Ionic redistribution by pump
What causes resting conditions to be restored?
a. Ionic redistribution by Na+/K+ pump
23How many ATP does the Na+/K+ pump need? What does it exchange?
a. 1 ATP for (in)/ (out)
How many ATP does the Na+/K+ pump need? What does it exchange?
a. 1 ATP for 2K+ (in)/3Na+ (out)
2424.The speed of an axon depends on what two factors (time and length).
a. Velocity = /
24.The speed of an axon depends on what two factors (time and length).
a. Velocity = length/time
25What happens in MS?
decreases the length constant and causes shorter impulse
What happens in MS?
Demyelination decreases the length constant and causes shorter impulse
26What are nociceptive fibers? What is its nerve fiber type? Fiber diameter?
a. fibers, most sensitive to blocking effect of
b. Type , Fiber diameter .
What are nociceptive fibers? What is its nerve fiber type? Fiber diameter?
a. Unmyelinated C fibers, most sensitive to blocking effect of anesthetic
b. Type C, DORSAL ROOT. Fiber diameter 0.4-1.2.
27If distance between nodes of Ranvier decreased, what will happen? Why?
a. Speed will because you would need more
If distance between nodes of Ranvier decreased, what will happen? Why?
a. Speed will decrease because you would need more action potentials
28What is the difference between saltatory propagation and continuous?
Continuous =
Saltatory =
What is the difference between saltatory propagation and continuous?
Continuous = no myelin
Saltatory = myelin
29When it comes to nodes of Ranvier, where are Na+ channels? K+ channels?
a. = nodal, =paranodal (For myelinated, Na+ only at nodes of Ranvier)
When it comes to nodes of Ranvier, where are Na+ channels? K+ channels?
a.Na+ = nodal, K+=paranodal (For myelinated, Na+ only at nodes of Ranvier)
30What is the main problem with MS? Main symptom? Effect on K+?
a.Destruction of
b.Loss of , ,
c.Leakage of = failure to conduct
What is the main problem with MS? Main symptom? Effect on K+?
a.Destruction of oligodendrocytes
b.Loss of vision, speech, balance
c.Leakage of K+ = failure to conduct action potential
31Where does protein synthesis occur in the neuron?
a.In the soma so transport is need to move components to terminals
Where does protein synthesis occur in the neuron?
a.In the soma so AXOPLASMIC transport is need to move components to terminals
32What is axoplasmic transport?
a.Movement by and
What is axoplasmic transport?
a.Movement by dynein and kinesin
33What is orthograde transport?
a. Movement from the cell body towards the
What is orthograde transport?
a. Movement from the cell body towards the axon terminals
34What are the 3 types of ligand gated channels?
a.Stretch gated ( )
b.Ligand gated ( )
c.Voltage gated ( )
What are the 3 types of ligand gated channels?
a.Stretch gated (mechanical)
b.Ligand gated (chemical called ligand-neurotransmitters)
c.Voltage gated (membrane potential)
35What causes neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal?
a.Action potential opens voltage gated , cause vesicles to release contents at synapse
b.KEY POINT! Concentration of extracellular determines concentration of neurotransmitter
What causes neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal?
a.Action potential opens voltage gated Ca++ ions, cause vesicles to release contents at synapse
b.KEY POINT! Concentration of extracellular Ca2+ determines concentration of neurotransmitter
36Clinical Application: How does lidocaine work?
Inhibits channels (cannot send = not pain)
Clinical Application: How does lidocaine work?
Inhibits Na+ channels (cannot send action potentials = not pain)
37What is summation (where can it not occur)?
Summation = additive effects of (cannot occur in )
What is summation (where can it not occur)?
Summation = additive effects of multiple postsynaptic potential (cannot occur in axon)
38Temporal summation= combined effect of several impulses over
Temporal summation= combined effect of several impulses over TIME
39Spatial summation =combined effect of simulation impulses from neurons
Spatial summation =combined effect of simulation impulses from DIFFERENT neurons
40What are nociceptive fibers? What is its nerve fiber type? Fiber diameter?
a. fibers, most sensitive to blocking effect of
b. Type , Fiber diameter .
What are nociceptive fibers? What is its nerve fiber type? Fiber diameter?
a. Unmyelinated C fibers, most sensitive to blocking effect of anesthetic
b. Type C, DORSAL ROOT. Fiber diameter 0.4-1.2.