1What are the four types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids
2What are macromolecules?
Larger molecules made up of smaller molecules. Most are polymers.
3What are polymers?
A long chain molecule made up of multiple monomers
4What are features of carbohydrates?
- Fuel and building material
Includes sugars and their polymers
5What are the polymers of sugars combined to make?
Disaccharides and polysaccharides
6What links disaccharides and polysaccharides?
Glycosidic linkage
7What are features of lipids?
Hydrophobic, large molecules, don't consist of monomers, usually made up of one glycerol and three fatty acids
8What are the three types of fats?
Saturated fats, unsaturated fats and trans fats
9What are features of proteins?
- They have many structures and functions
They can act as enzymes
Made from amino acids (which are monomers)
10How are amino acids made?
DNA is transcribed to RNA then translated to proteins
11What are features of amino acids?
- Organic molecules
Build proteins
12Enzymes are a type of _____ that acts as a _______
Protein, catalyst
13What are features of nucleic acids?
They store and transmit hereditary information (ancestry, genes)
14What are plastics made of?
Fossil fuels (carbon compounds)
15What are the two types of plastics (based on chemical composition)?
Carbon chain plastics and heterochain plastics
16What are carbon chain plastics made of?
A linear carbon chain
17What are heterochain plastics made of?
They can contain oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur, as well as carbon
18What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or transformed
19What does collision theory explain?
Why different reactions occur at different rates
20What are the three main parts to collision theory?
Particles must collide with enough energy in the correct orientation
21Rate of reaction depends on __________ of collisions
Frequency
22Explain: Particles must collide
Two particles have to get close enough to break/form bonds
23Explain: Correct orientation
Each molecule has a reaction site that must be targeted
24Explain: Enough energy
Minimum energy required (activation energy) to break/form bonds. If there is not enough energy, the particles just bounce off each other
25Which out of exothermic and endothermic releases/absorbs energy?
Exothermic releases energy (often heat), endothermic absorbs energy (often heat)
26What are catalysts?
A substance that speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy
27What is one defining feature of a catalyst?
It is not consumed in a reaction
28What does rate of reaction measure?
The speed at which reactants form a product
29What are the four main factors affecting rate of reaction?
Concentration, surface area, catalysts and temperature
30Explain: Concentration
Concentration is a term used to describe how many particles are in a space for liquids/aqueous solutions
31What is the equivalent term for concentration for a gas?
Pressure
32Explain: Surface area
How many particles are open and exposed to react
33Explain: Catalysts
A substance lowers the activation energy in a reaction by creating an alternate reaction pathway
34Explain: Temperature
The kinetic energy in particles (heat)
35How does concentration affect rate of reaction?
If there are more particles in the given space (higher concentration), they are more likely to collide
36How does surface area affect rate of reaction?
If more of the substrate is exposed, it is more likely to collide
37How does temperature affect rate of reaction?
Particles are moving more (more likely to collide) and have more energy (more likely to fulfill activation energy)
38How does a catalyst work?
It bonds with the reactants which then forms the product and detaches
39Fun technical definition of enzymes
A globular protein which acts as a biological catalyst by speeding up the rate of a chemical reaction. Enzymes are not changed or consumed by the reactions they catalyse and thus can be reused.
40How do enzymes get their names (usually)?
After what they react with
41How does ATP synthase work?
1. Hydrogen ions move through ATP synthase
ATP synthase spins due to movement (like a windmill)
Because the enzyme spins, ADP and phosphate join to make ATP
The ATP is used by the cell
42How does the induced fit model of enzymes work?
The structure of the enzyme changes to fit the substrate and put the most stress on the bonds
43Explain why macromolecules are essential for life and how their structure relates to function
YEAH SO THATS A GREAT QUESTION INNIT
44Identify the chemical composition of plastics
Fossil fuels (carbon compounds)
45Describe the term polymer
A polymer is a long chain molecule made up of several monomers. Different polymers can be made up of the same monomers in different arrangements
46Define element
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything else
47Define atom
An atom is the smallest unit of matter; the basic 'building block' of all things science
48Define matter
A physical substance that occupies space and posesses energy
49Define proton
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle located within the nucleus
50Define neutron
A neutron is a neutrally charged subatomic particle located within the nucleus
51Define electron
An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus in shells
52Define nucleus
The positively charged centre of an atom, which holds protons and neutrons
53Determine and state the mass of each subatomic particle
The mass of a proton and neutron is 1amu (atomic mass unit), and an electron is PRETTY TEENIE TINY
54Define phyisical reaction
A physical reaction is a reaction where the appearance is changed but not the chemical composition
55Define chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a reaction where the chemical composition of a substance changes and potentially also the appearance and/or other factors
56Describe observations of physical reactions
welp ive got no clue about this one
57Describe observation of chemical reactions
Colour change, effervescence, precipitation, burning, formation of solid deposit, temperature change, odor production
58Explain how the Law of Conservation of Mass is shown in chemical reactions
You can see the LOCO Mass in action in these reactions because the mass of the products is the same as the reactants (including waste/lost gas/anything else)
59What are the different parts to a Maxwell-Boltzmann diagram?
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