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1
What is the primary function of histopathology in medical and veterinary diagnostics?
Studies diseased animal tissues to reveal abnormal architecture and connect structure to dysfunction
2
What does H&E stand for in tissue staining?
Hematoxylin and Eosin
3
What is the process of programmed cell death called where cells shrink in isolation and inflammation is avoided?
Apoptosis
4
What type of cell death is accidental, resulting from severe injury, membrane rupture, and cellular swelling that leads to inflammation?
Necrosis
5
What nuclear change in necrosis involves the shrinking of the nucleus?
Pyknosis
6
What nuclear change in necrosis involves the fragmentation of nuclear material?
Karyorrhexis
7
What nuclear change in necrosis involves the dissolution of chromatin?
Karyolysis
8
Which type of inflammation begins rapidly, lasts minutes to days, and features neutrophil infiltration and edema?
Acute inflammation
9
Which type of inflammation persists longer, features mononuclear cells, macrophages, and granulomas, and involves fibroblasts depositing collagen fibers?
Chronic inflammation
10
What type of tumor has cells that resemble their origin, orderly architecture, low mitotic activity, and is limited by a clear fibrous capsule?
Benign tumor
11
What process disrupts liver structure through stellate cells becoming myofibroblasts and excessive collagen accumulation?
Cirrhosis
12
What are the four main types of animal tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
13
What tissue type forms selective barriers, covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands?
Epithelial tissue
14
What tissue type supports and binds other tissues, featuring an abundant and complex extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue
15
What tissue type is responsible for movement through the contraction and relaxation of elongated fibers containing actin and myosin?
Muscle tissue
16
What tissue type receives, processes, and transmits information throughout the body using neurons and supporting neuroglia?
Nervous tissue
17
How are epithelial cells classified based on their geometric shapes?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
18
How are epithelial cells classified based on their layer arrangements?
Simple and stratified
19
Which simple epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells that allows rapid diffusion and is found in the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium
20
Which simple epithelial tissue consists of a cube-like single layer with central nuclei and is found lining kidney tubules?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
21
Which simple epithelial tissue consists of tall cells with nuclei aligned near bases, lining the digestive tract?
Simple columnar epithelium
22
What specialized columnar cell modification increases surface area for absorption?
Microvilli
23
What specialized columnar cell modification secretes protective mucus?
Goblet cells
24
What specialized columnar cell modification moves particles or fluids along the tissue surface?
Cilia
25
Which stratified squamous epithelium form is waterproof and has dead surface cells filled with keratin?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
26
Which stratified squamous epithelium form stays moist with living, nucleated surface cells and is found in the mouth and esophagus?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
27
Which epithelium appears multilayered under a microscope but actually forms a single layer with nuclei at different heights?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
28
Which specialized stratified epithelium lines urinary structures like the bladder and stretches with fluid volume?
Transitional epithelium
29
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
30
Which muscle tissue type consists of long, striated, multinucleated cylinders under voluntary control attached to bones?
Skeletal muscle
31
Which muscle tissue type consists of spindle-shaped cells lacking striations with a single nucleus, under involuntary control in hollow organ walls?
Smooth muscle
32
Which muscle tissue type consists of branched, striated cells with intercalated discs found in the myocardium?
Cardiac muscle
33
What are the main components of a neuron?
Soma (cell body), dendrites, and axons
34
What cells support, protect, and provide metabolic assistance to neurons in nervous tissue?
Neuroglia
35
What process allows generic stem cells to undergo structural and biochemical changes to become specialized cell types?
Cellular differentiation
36
What optical and structural tool cuts ultra-thin tissue sections to make samples observable under a microscope?
Microtome
37
What lenses eliminate chromatic aberration, improve image resolution, and helped lead to the discovery of the cell nucleus?
Achromatic lenses
38
Whose principle of cellular pathology established that all diseases originate at the cellular level?
Rudolf Virchow
39
What chemical innovation creates contrast in naturally transparent biological specimens to reveal internal structures?
Staining / Synthetic dyes
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