1carries oxygenated blood away from heart
arteries
2carries deoxynageted blood to the heart
Veins
3how many ribs should be seen on chest xray
10 posterior ribs
4how many views to see all 4 chambers of heart
2
5duplex Doppler sonography shows direction and velocity of blood flow and can measure size and shape of arteries. what 3 things can this be ordered for
1. Deep vein thrombosis
2. Carotid stenosis
3. Lower extremity arterial stenosis
6what does MRI evaluate
Anatomy, function and disease
7what does calcium scoring show in CT?
low dose, hard plaque
8narrowing at ductus arteriosus
coarctation of aorta
9combination of pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, misplaced aorta and a thickened right ventricular wall is what disease
Tetralogy of fallot (fig 4.36)
10what is cause of hypertension
increase cardiac output and peripheral resistance due to blood viscous or vasoconstriction
11what is the prevalence of hypertension
most common primary diagnosis
12treatment for hypertension
diet, exercise, medication
13left heart disease or hypoxia is usually associated with what
pulmonary hypertension (fig 4.38)
14what is the best way to visualize mitral valve real time?
TEE transesophageal echocardiography
17what causes left ventricular failure
hypertension or valve disease (fig 4.43)
18whaat are the majority of aneurysms occur where?
Abdominal aorta aneurysm (75%) with 90% occurs below renal
19what is most common way to diagnos pulmonary embolism
CTA (fig 4.52)
20what are thrombus composed of
Blood clot
Air bubble
Fat
Amniotic fluid
22hardening of the arteries or plaque
atherosclerosis (fig 4.55/ 4.56)
23a decrease in tissue blood supply
ischemia
24ischemic necrosis (stopped working, blockage)
infarct
25single most common cause of death in men and woman in USA
coronary artery disease
26myocardial infarction (MI) is what
heart attack
27risk factors for coronary artery disease is what
tobacco, high fat diet, hypertension
28what are sign and symptoms of heartattack
SOB, crushing chest pain, neck pain
29heart chamber located most anteriorly and forming the anterior border of the cardiac shadow on a lateral chest x-ray is the?
Right ventricle
30the bicuspid valve is also known as?
Left atrioventricular valve
31contraction of the myocardium is termed?
Systole
32how many posterior ribs should be visible on a good inspiration PA chest x-ray
10
33In a fetus the doctors arteriosus connects the?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
34which following defects are included in tetralogy of Fallogt
pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, hypertrophy of right ventricle
35A condition in which the left ventricle cannot pump an amount of blood equal to the venous returns of the right ventricle is?
Left-sided congestive heart failure
36risk factors associated with atherosclerosis include?
hypertension and cigarette smoking
37a decrease in tissue blood supply is termed?
ischemia
38the single m ost frequent cause of death in USA is?
coronary heart disease
39Clinical signs of myocardial infarction include?
shortness of breath, crushing chest pain, neck pain
40which type of vessel is used as the graft material for coronary artery bypass grafts?
veins
41aortic aneurysms most commonly occur in the
Abdominal aorta below the level of the renal arteries
42imagining procedures that may be used to demonstrate an abdominal aneurysm include?
Angie, ct, sonography
43venous thrombosis most often affects the
deep veins of lower extremities
44what common imaging procedures provide functional information regarding the heart?
Cardiac CT with ECG gating
45which type of aneurysm results when the intima tears and allows blood to flow within the vessel wall
dissecting aneurysm
46an older adult has shortness of breath during exertion and overall respiratory distress. the chest x-ray reveals an enlarged heart and a congested hilar region, with pulmonary edema. what is the likely cause?
congestive heart failure
47identify at least 2 common sites where atherosclerosis occurs
Atherosclerotic disease is the most common in the coronary arterioles and cerebrovascular arteries
48what is the cause of ischemia in coronary artery disease
A lack of oxygen to the tissue beyond the infarction