Media Studies Paper 1

1785, their logo can be found in courts, showing them as steeped in history and tradition, making them seem equal and just.

Serif font, signifies sophistication and class

Newscorp, a global conglomerate with a large number of subsidiary companies. They are vertically and horizontally intergrated.

Rupert Murdoch, he is friends with Trump and supports the Republican Party and Conservative politics

The News Of The World, due to the bad publicity, to protect the company and The Times/The Sun, they shut down TNOTW

Reasonably steady, which might reflect their older, more educated target audience who are less likely to be online, along with the paywall on their website

‘The heart of Britian’, which shows the paper as the heart of Britiah life

Large images and small amounts of copy and soft storys, reflects lower literacy levels

‘more than 300 photographs… rest of the nation was diligently sticking to the rules’

Partygate, a refrence to the watergate scandel, represents Boris as corrupt and untrustworthy

He uses inclusive language such as, ‘Dear Mirror Readers’ and flattery such as ‘British public aren’t fools’, to voter support from public

British, working class, from C2, D, E socioeconomic backgrounds, left wing political views, engaged by soft news

Reach PLC, who publish over 150 national newspapers. They are horizontally intergrated meaning they buy and absorb other competing companies, share journalists and resources between different titles, reducing overall costs

The yearly circulation has dropped dramatically, perhaps due to their target audience going online rather than buying a paper

Lots of advertising space online, a betting and dating website, interactive aspects on the website such as liking, sharing, commeting, phone ins, text ins, competitions

IPSO, which is run by the newspaper industry. Regulations include what papers can or can’t do in terms of language, libel, deformation, ethics

Mirror has adverts for Tesco, Lidl while The Times advertises Waitrose and M&S, this is based of the target gender, education, class and income of their target audiences

BBC radio 4, the BBC is a global conglomerate that has a huge number of TV channels, radio stations, films, magazines etc…

The BBC is funded through the TV license fee, paid by every eligible household in the UK. It costs £154.50 a year per household, as they are publicly funded they must fufil their PSB remit. Public service broadcasters have to ensure their products inform, educate, entertain and include diveristy

An all female panel, giving women a more prominent voice in media products, they talk about cultural habits, hobbies, discuss other countries as well as more domestic ideas, such as family, watching films and time on your own. There are also intertextual refrences to The Great British Bake Off, Nigella Lawsom, which engaes modern female audiences

Lauren Laverne, she had a reputation in her younger years as being wild, rebellious and a bit of a ‘ladette’. Her youth in comparison to the other presenters will enage a younger target audience aged 35-55

Curran and Seaton’s idea that profit and power has overtaken creativity. They believe the media is controlled by companies that are driven by profit and power, however the BBC is a non-profit organisation, with LNWH being niche for a specialised audience

Womens Hour, which is a radio show that has been running since the 1940s. It’s a daytime radio show aimed at women aged 60+, the content focuses on traditional domestic issues such as cooking, gardening, health, families etc…

Late Night Women’s Hour is played at 11pm as it involves adult, controversial content such as masturbation, abortion, miscarriages, up-skirting etc… so Ofcom the regulatory body requires this content to be after the ‘watershed’. Due to the LNWH website and BBC sounds however any eposide can be listened to at any time, anywhere by anybody

Cultivation theory: The idea that exposure to repeated patterns of representation over long periods of time can shape and influence the way in which people percieve the world around them (i.e. cultivating particular views and opinions)

The female character, supported by the male character, has a floppy almost unconscious body language and closed eyes which makes her seem weak, vulnerable and victimised, like a typical damsel in distress. Her neck is exposed and some upperchest, she has a skin tight silky dress, makes her seem sexualised.

1960’s, which is when women began to be more sexualised in the media, due to the sexual revolution with divorce laws, contraceptive pill, abortion laws, which made women less strick to simply being wives and mothers. While women don’t want to be represented in this was as its horror meaning a male target audience they are seen as the victim and sexualised

He is holding the female, has vampire fangs and seems agressive + dangerous, wearing black and red clothing which reflects historical patriarchal ideas that men were dominant and powerful. However his arm is back as though he’s trying to protect himself from the bats, whether he is victimised, a hero or a villian is unsure

The female character in the centre of the poster looks agressive, she has her fist raised and teeth bared, she is over the vulnerable man on the floor kneeling so is represented as powerful. The man she is over seems unconscious, and submissive in a vunerable pose, this could represent a shift in gender roles that was happening in the 1960s

While theres an equal number of female and male characters the billing block only contains one female name, which suggests its more important for men to be praised for their work. All crew seem to be men which means theres heavy representation of men in the current industry

Procter and Gamble in 1946

Men where targeted for the post-war American car industry while women were primary target for labour saving devices.

She has a full face of makeup, and her hair is perfectly styled in curls and waves, this was made popular by celebrities such as Veronica Lake in the 1950s. She’s wearing a headband implying she is focused on work however the makeup creates binary opposition, contrasts this. This shows apperances are importand to women.

‘Tide’s got what women want!’ the large slogan in red groups women together, suggests their only issues are domestic ones. The cartoon hearts around the slogan and women create gesture codes of love, signifying that women love Tide and housework

Rosie the Riveter, the headscarf and position of the ladies arm refrences the wartime propaganda poster featuring Rosie the Riveter. This represents women as being strong, empowered and capable, and how buying Tide would empower them and be patriotic

It reflects her ideas that women are often shown as being ‘domestic’, the advert does however challange Zoonen’s idea that women are often sexualised in the media

White American and British women, aged 18-40, married with children, who stay home and aspire for the prefect lifestyle.

Using beautifully illustrated women will attact women aspiring for a perfect life, the use of female specific language

Repeated use of media language throughout the advert might be designed to cultivate ideas about Tide, ‘cleanest wash’ and ‘whitest wash’

Ken Loach, who works for 16 Films. He is an award winning social realism director, he is used as an unique selling point in marketing

16 Films, who partnered with Why Not Productions. Due to neither of these companies being vertically intergrated they partnered with eone productions for distribution and marketing, as well as recieveing aditional funding from the BBC and BFI

Because they fund projects that are innately British, niche/alternative, culturally significant, educational and shows British culture

Ken Loach is known for being left wing and anti conservative, so this can be seen throughout the film and its marketing materials. Such as Jeremy Corbyn being invited to the premier, who is a British politician who served as a leader of the Labour party

They used traditional methods such as posters, trailers, possibly due to the older 45+ target audience. However they also used more untraditional methods such as articles written by ‘Daniel Blake’ in The Mirror, the film was premiered in Newcastle (where the film is set) rather than London to gain local support, guerrilla marketing was used by projecting ‘I, Daniel Blake’ onto the houses of Parliament

The Palm D’or award, which is the highest prize award at the Cannes Film Festival, this will engage audiences looking for a culturally significant, quality film

The album Lemonade, the single was released the day before Beyonce performed at the super bowl final Febuary 2016.

In New Orleans following the Hurricane Katrina and the associated racial tension in America, and also draws historical parallels with refrences to racism and slavery

Messy Mya’s, who was q popular rapper, comedian and youtube star. He was popular within the black and LGBTQ+ communities for speaking in a controversial way on issues surrounding Hurrican Katrina. The use of his voice might signify the genre and theme of black oppression, as he was shot amd killed himself, emphasising violent crimes affecting black people. Beyonce was however sued for using his voice without permission.

‘That B.E.A.T’, a documentuary about bounce music from New Orleans.

‘when he fuck me good I take his ass to Red Lobster’, the use of profanity adds an agressive, passionate feel to the video, connoting her power and challenging typical representations of submissive women

The N word is used, which could show desires to reclaim previously repressed power. As well as the juxtaposition of the historical, anti-bellum clothing, highlighting the historic way in which black people where enslaved.

Dominance over the police, this could be a challange towards America, where black people are often dominated by the police. Some audiences reacted badly to this amd assumed she was ‘anti-law enforcement’.

Young children in the video might signify that discrimination is happening to all ages, the little boy challanges ideas that children are oblivious to the problems around them. The binary oppositions between the boy and police draws attentionnto the division of race relations in the US.

‘I like my negro nose with Jackson Five nostrils’, wider noses are a common feature amoungst people with black heritage and often represented in the media as unattractive. Her refrence to liking her nose creates a strong message about black culture and beauty, challanges the more colonialist representations in the mainstream media

Less traditional displays of women, this is shown by Beyonce and other women projecting confidence and and power in all scenes, even when wearing more sexualised clothing, using this as a tool to empower the female audience. Her refrence to taking her man to ‘Red Lobster’ if he pleases her sexualy shows dominance over her male partner. As well as this, her saying ‘okay ladies now lets get in formation’ shows shes leading the movement within the video, empowering black women individually and as a group.

Ripetide was Vance Joys first single to be released in the USA. Hes an Australian singer-somgwriter, with his music fitting into indie folk-pop genre.

Women seem to be mostly objectified and victimised, the video uses high camera angles, terrified facial expressions, low key lighting etc… creating representation of women as fearful. These representations often make the audience feel uncomfortable, encouraging us to see them as victimised. The sections of fast paced editing create connotations that women are scared and jumpy, feels horror like.

The video frequently refrences the western and thriller genres e.g. females repeatedly dragged off screen by unseen forces and a character going missing in a dark graveyard, women untying herself from a tree, and a man dressed as a cowboy running a in sandy area

Many shots only show parts of womens bodies which helps ‘dehumantise’ them and make them seem like objects to be admired, many shots don’t show their faces but their necks, back, feet etc… as well as a scene where a hand pushes a book in which says, ‘techniques of photographing girls’ which reflects patriarchal and male predator ideologies

Bell Hooks, she would believe that white, male, upperclass people control media industries and their values and beliefs are the ones we see in media products, so she’d argue that the video isn’t commenting on the sexualisation of women but rather offerning more entertainment for men.

Men are seen in typically powerful positions e.g. as directors, producers, and we often see them as ‘voyeurs’ looking at women through a ‘male gaze’

Marvel, who are a subsidiary company of Walt Disney, which is a global conglomerate. Marvel are vertically intergrated and can distrubute as well as produce products

It means they had a large budget and resources to create a detailed compaign. Disney always aim to create 360 degree marketing campaign to ensure all audiences are familiar with their films

- Hasbro, created merch/toys/action figures for the film, these target young children, families and collectors (adult superfans)
- Car manufacturer Lexus, who released two limited edition Black Panther themed cars, this targtered an adult male audience, intrested in technology and status
- Released sound track with Kendrick Lamar, targeting his fans and young black males
- The trailer was broadcast in the ad break of the Superbowl in America, one of the most expensive advertising slotsin the world, targeted a mass audience
- Film was released during Black History Month, meaning the release was marked as a ‘cultural event’
- Members of the public created the ‘Black Panther Challenge’ to buy tickets for young chikdren to see the film.
- They worked with newyork fashion week to create a ‘Welcome to Wakanda’ fashion catwalk show, targeted a female audience and gained global recognition

Youtube was used as an effective global marketing technique, allowing audiences to like/comment/share the trailer. The traiker gained 90 mil views in 24 hrs. Disney also used twitter, using hashtags, posts, teasers etc… A Q&A twitter livestream was done, leading black panther to be the most tweeted about film

Hesmondhalgh’s. Some argue that marvel simply make similar films over and over after having found a successful formula for financial success, this formula helps reduce risk and maximises profit. This reflects Hesmondhalgh’s ideas about companies striving for maximised profits

Due to the shared universe, pre-sold audiences, global conglomerate involvment and famous actors

there where elements of risk with the lesser known Marvel character, a predominantly black cast, as well as it being a very hugh budget film.

Many argued that Marvel chose to make the film to ‘cash in’ on the current social and cultural context of people wanting more diveristy in media. However, most films that offer diversity are social realist in genre and are based around crime and poverty. The positive representations in Black Panther make the film stand out.

12A certificate in the UK by BBFC. Some argued that Black Panther had a lot of violence for a 12A

The range of posters produced with different characters on helped target a diverse range of audiences. A seprate poster however was made for China, covering Black Panthers face, this could be seen as an example of a film company self censoring their marketing materials to target specific global audiences

Assassians Creed is a long running videogame developed by Ubisoft, the first gane was released in 2007, and the last was Valhalla in 2020. The game is historically set - action/adventure, third person, featuring stealth and combat.
Later games in the franchise introduced a wider open world system, sometimes multiplayer and persistent world environments.
All game packaging is branded with the Assassins Creed title and the famous logo
Assassins’ Creed began life as a prototype for a sequel to Prince of Persia but was soon developed as a game/franchise of its own

- There has been a growth of videogames since the 1970s due to rapid tech development of video game consoles, meaning photo-realistic graphics, online capabilities and interactive gameplay elements
- Technology development has affected the regulation of video games. Video games can now be downloaded directly to the console or PC, bypassing the regulatory process if the audinence where purchasing in-store

Typically a male protagonist, which could be considered that the franchise are targeting a young male C1+ audience. The male protagonists constructs an identity for audiences that could be their ‘desired self’ - aspires and explores.
There have been some games that offer a female protagonist such as Liberation which was the first game im 2012 to offer this

Due to the game being released exclusivly to the PS Vita, but later (2014) was released in a modified HD version across platforms such as PS3, PS4 and Microsoft Windows, in 2019 it was remastered for the Nintendo Switch.

This was attempting tontap into the increasing success of mobil gaming (smart phones, tablets etc…) The PS Vita was designed with many features such as touchscreen, wifi, 3G and bluetooth capability

It was created to promote the 2020 Paralympic games by Bradford Young, the first African American cinematographer to be nominated for an Oscar. It was devised by Channel 4’s inhouse creative agency. The ad explores the sacrifices made by the Paralympic athletes in preparation for the 2020 Tokoyo Paralympic games

- ‘So You Want to be a Boxer’ from Bugsy Malone. The song effectively communicates the struggles of the disabled athletes whilst giving the ad a positive feel.
- The non-diegectic voice-over and dramatic music appear at the start but rapidily change over to the alarm
- Sound effects undertone the music, emphasisng the battle of training including digetic grunts, groans, tale being applied

Channel 4 won the paralympic broadcasting rights in 2010. When creating the trailer to promote the Paralympics, Channel 4 wanted to address under-representation or misrepresentation of particukar social groups, the ad focused on the fact that they are ‘human’ rather than ‘super’

They are a public service broadcaster (PSB), a non-profit organisation who are commercially funded through advertising; regulated by Ofcom. As they are commercially funded but publicly owned they can offer independent and distinctive content reflecting different communities across the UK.

C4 decided to present the athletes neither as victims or as heros, just ordinary sports men and women facing extradinary challenges. This is evident at the beginning of the advert when the dream sequence is shattered, and real life begins

- close-up shots of expressions to engage the audience and to portray aspects of disability in non-victim way
- A range of shots used to convey the strength and determination of swimmer Ellie Simmonds, cutting between establishing shots showing her alone in the pool, a close-up of her putting on her swimming goggles, a low angle shot creating power and an extream cloe-up of her eyes.
- Slow motion is also used to show the cycling track crash combined with muting the sound for a more dramatic effect
- The sequence where the athlete is trying to sing ‘Happy Birthday’ to his daughter on a mobile phone whilst trainingon a bike reinforces the clash between sport and the family further establishes the athletes as real people
- The ad uses humour - the ‘hamseter on the wheel’ and the ‘puke bucket’ are recognisable visual signifiers of struggle