Ch. 2: Colliding Cultures

the Indigenous people of Florida's panhandle who farmed corn and other crops and traded surplus goods along the Camino Real

the name given to Florida by Juan Ponce de León when he arrived in 1513, a region where Spanish colonizers sought wealth and religious dominance

the Spanish leader who led settlers, soldiers, and missionaries into New Mexico in 1598 and brutally attacked the Pueblo city of Acoma

the first permanent European settlement in the Spanish Southwest, established in 1610

a Spanish friar who condemned Spanish cruelty and the exploitation of Indigenous peoples in the Americas

the portrayal of Spanish colonization as exceptionally cruel, used by Spain's European rivals to justify their own colonial ambitions

a colonial approach centered largely on fur trading and cooperation with Indigenous peoples rather than large-scale permanent settlement

a mythical waterway Europeans hoped would connect North America to Asia and provide access to Asian riches

a cross-cultural space in the Great Lakes region where Indigenous peoples and Europeans negotiated, interacted, and accommodated one another

a colonial effort focused on trade and profit, especially the fur trade, that established New Netherland and relied on Indigenous trading relationships

shell beads made by Algonquian peoples that served as ceremonial and diplomatic objects and became a form of currency in Dutch-Indigenous trade

a Dutch system that granted large estates to wealthy landlords who paid for tenants to travel to and work their land

Portuguese settlement of Brazil beginning around 1530, driven especially by sugar production and the Atlantic slave trade

an agreement dividing newly claimed lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal, reserving lands east of an imaginary meridian for Portugal and lands west of it for Spain

free settlements in Brazil created by people who escaped slavery, including enslaved Africans and Indigenous people

African people forcibly transported and held in bondage in the Americas, whose labor became central to colonial economies, especially sugar production

an effort driven by economic profit, competition with Spain, Protestant religious goals, and the desire to expand English power

Queen of England from 1558 who encouraged trade, exploration, and privateering and ruled during England's defeat of the Spanish Armada

business organizations that pooled investors' money, shared profits and risks, and financed English colonization

an English settlement established in present-day North Carolina in 1587 that was later found abandoned, with "Croatoan" carved at the site

English monarch who approved the Virginia Company in 1606 and whose reign saw the founding of Jamestown

the first permanent English colony in what is now the United States, founded in Virginia in 1607 as a profit-seeking venture

a powerful alliance of Algonquian-speaking Indigenous peoples in the Chesapeake region led by Powhatan, who initially traded with and helped English colonists

the frequency of deaths within a population; high mortality among early Jamestown settlers resulted from disease, starvation, and poor living conditions

the winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown, when food shortages and conflict contributed to the deaths of most of the colony's settlers

King James I's insulting description of tobacco, a crop that nevertheless became highly profitable and helped save Virginia's colonial economy

people who agreed to work for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the Americas

a Virginia policy introduced in 1618 that granted fifty acres of land to migrants and additional land to those who paid for another immigrant's passage

a representative political body established by the Virginia Company in 1619, initially composed of white landowners

a surprise attack led by Opechancanough and the Powhatan Confederacy that killed more than 350 English colonists and led to violent English retaliation

ideas that increasingly treated Europeans and Africans as distinct groups based on skin color and used racial beliefs to justify unequal treatment and slavery

English colonies founded from 1620 onward, including Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, generally organized around towns, families, small farms, and trade

English Protestants who sought to reform the Church of England by removing practices they considered too similar to Catholicism

English king who opposed the Puritans and intensified religious persecution, contributing to their migration to New England