1Acute:
-occurs shortly after infection
- produced in large quantities
- produces flu-like symptoms
2Reasons as to why host defense doesn't function properly:
- infection with HIV
- pathogenic mechanisms used to suppress host defense
- genetic abnormalities
- autoimmune response
-hypersensitivity reactions
32 ways that the adaptive immune response can be inhibited:
indirect and direct
4Indirect immune response:
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
5AIDS facts
- 20 mill died
- 40 mill infected currenty
6what is AIDS caused by?
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
7How is AIDS transmitted?
by sexual contact or contact w infected body fluids
8Where is HIV-1 seen?
around world
9Where is HIV-2 seen?
in Africa
102 glycoproteins HIV uses for attachment:
gp120 and gp41
112 co-receptors of HIV:
CXCR4 and CCR5
12modes of HIV transmission:
sexual contact and infected blood
13What group of people is HIV highest in, in US? Rest of the world?
homosexuals in US; heterosexuals in rest of the world
14cells of the ______ are prime targets for initial infection
mucosal immune system
153 phases of HIV
acute, asymptomatic, and symptomatic
16acute phase
- occurs few days after infection
- virus in large quantities
- viremia is reduced
17asymptomatic
- 3-4 months after infection
- viremia is low
- small bursts of virus
18high viremia:
fast progression
19Low viremia:
slow progression
20Symptomatic Phase:
- end stage of infection
- develop clinical symptoms
- viral replication increases
21Clinical symptoms of HIV:
increased susceptibility to infection, lymphadenopathy, apearrance of lesions, develop cancer
22HIV replicated best in ________ cells
activated T cells
23HIV antibody response:
- response occurs during first few months
- antibodies produced but unable to clear it
24Dominant form of antibody in HIV:
IgG
25HIV cellular response:
- all infected individuals have a response
- response does not control or defeat infection
26Lymphoid organs response:
begin to deteriorate bc of cell death and tissue is almost destroyed entirely
27Nervous System Response:
doesn't infect neurons
28gastrointestinal system response:
diarrhea and poor absorption of nutrients (weight loss)
29HIV infects what other systems?
lungs, heart, kidneys, and joint fluids
30HIV is associated with increased malignancies like:
Kaposi's sarcoma and B cell lymphoma
31recurrent infections by pyrogenic bacteria indicate what 3 things?
- defects in antibody production, the complement system, and phagocytosis
32What do B cells need for antibody opsonization defense?
capsule binding
33T cells are needed for what 2 things?
- cellular adaptive immune response
- humoral response
34defects in the complement system can lead to what?
an increase in the occurrence of infectious diseases
35defects in phagocytic cells can cause severe what?
immunodeficiency
36autoimmune disease:
fail to react against self component in the body
37The autoimmune disease can vary in what 3 things?
severity, effector mechanisms, and the tissue affected
382 groups that autoimmune diseases are divided into:
- organ/tissue specific
- systemic autoimmunity
39organ/tissue specific:
reaction against self is confined to certain organs
40systemic autoimmunity:
affects multiple organs and has body wide effects
41what can cause autoimmunity?
1) drugs and toxin
2) infection
3) pathogens disrupting immune system
4) pathogens can express proteins or carbohydrate antigens
42Autoimmunity results in chronic disease bc?
- its impossible to get rid of the host of the self antigen
- the autoimmune response destroys host tissue
43What 2 types of cells participate in the mechanisms of autoimmunity?
T cells and B cells
44Hypersensitivity
An allergic reaction is a form of immune response
45how many types of Hypersensitivity are there?
4 types
46What are the 2 functions of eosinophils in allergic reactions?
1) release highly toxic granules and are radicals
2) produce chemical mediators,prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokine
472 phases allergic reaction are divided into:
1) immediate
2) late-phase
48Immediate:
occur within seconds of exposure, due to histamine
49Late-phase:
take 8-12 hours to develop, due to elaboration of mediators
50clinical effects vary according to what?
the site of the mast cell activation
51clinical effects depend on what 3 variables?
1) amount of allergen-specific IgE present
2) route that allergen takes to enter the body
3) how much allergen enters
522 ways that allergen can be deposited?
1) directly into blood
2) rapidly absorbed
53What is the portal of entry for infectious diseases?
the respiratory system
542 parts of respiratory system?
upper and lower
55upper respiratory tract:
1) infection common
2) nothing more than irritation
56lower respiratory tract:
1) infections dangerous
2) difficult to treat
57The respiratory system is the most _________ in the body
accessible system
582 host defense mechanisms:
innate and adaptive immune response
59Upper respiratory is always _____ to pathogens
exposed
60Lower respiratory is ____ environment
sterile
61some respiratory pathogens exist as part of the __________
normal flora
62Respiratory pathogens form animal sources:
zoonotic infections
633 ways water can be a source for respiratory infection:
1) legionellosis
2) contaminated water can be aerosolized
3) droplets that hold infection
64Fungi are usually in ______________ patients
Immunocompromised
65most dangerous fungi:
Aspergillus and Pneumocystis
66upper respiratory tract defenses:
mucociliary escalator and coughing
67lower respiratory tract defenses:
alveolar macrophages
68Types of bacterial infections in the upper respiratory tract?
1) Otitis media, mastoiditis, and sinusitis
2) Pharyngitis
3) scarlet fever
4) diphtheria
69Otitis media, mastoiditis, and sinusitis:
A virus initially invades the ciliated epithelium; This destroys the ciliated cells, allowing bacteria to invade
70Pharyngitis:
infection in larynx (strep throat)
71Scarlet Fever
- Caused by group A streptococci
- begins w rash
72Diptheria:
- caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae
- localized infection
73The exotoxin Corynebacterium has what 2 polypeptide chains?
B chain and A chain
74A chain:
inhibitions of protein synthesis
75B chain:
entry into the target
76Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract:
1) Rhinovirus infection (common cold)
2) Parainfluenza
77the major cause of mild respiratory infections
Rhinovirus
78Parainfluenza replicates where?
cytoplasm
79Influenza replicates where?
nucleus
80Parainfluenza is more _____ than ______, but is a _______ for infants
stable; influenza; serious problem
81Bacterial Pneumonia can be divided into 2 types:
commonly-acquired and nosocomial
82Nosocomial pneumonia:
develops more than 48 hours after a hospital admission
83community-acquried pneumonia:
present in lobar pneumonia
84Atypical Pneumonia:
coughing w/o sputum; caused by variety of bacteria
85Chlamydial pneumonia:
- person to person contact
- both community acquired and nosocomial infections
- similar to Mycoplasma
86Mycoplasma Pneumonia
- mild form of pneumonia (walking)
- droplet transmission
- infection has insidious onset
87Inhalation Anthrax:
- produces a fulminate pneumonia
- disease in herbivores (acquired from spores)
88Q fever:
- worldwide zoonotic infection
- caused by Coxiella burnetii
89Tuberculosis:
-2 bill ppl are affected
- AIDS & HIV helped increase
- poverty is common place
90What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
91Viral infections of the lower respiratory tract are caused by what 2 things?
- influenza virus
- respiratory syncytial virus
92What does it mean when it says the influenza virus is orthomyxovirus?
virions are surrounded by an envelope
93Host for influenza?
humans
94Resevoir for influenza?
birds
95Influenza can cause death what 3 ways:
1) underlying disease
2) superinfection
3) direct rapid progression
96Underlying Disease:
people are limited cardiovascular activity or pulmonary function
97Superinfection:
bacterial pneumonia and disseminated bacterial disease
98Direct Rapid Progression:
overwhelming viral pneumonia and asphyxia
99Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS):
causes fulminant respiratory infection
100HPS transmission by:
dried rodent excreta
101Two major factors govern the incidence and spread of fungal infection:
- ubiquity of the infectious organisms
- the adaptive immune response
102Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP):
- lethal
- caused by fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci
103Blastomycosis:
- caused by Blastomyces dermatitis
- gradually affect lungs
- spread to many areas
104What areas can Blastomycosis spread to?
skin, bones, and genitourinary tract
105Histoplasmosis:
- inhalation of conidia
- most are asymptomatic
106Coccidioidomycosis:
- caused by Coccidoides immitis
- symptomatic or asymptomatic
- arthroconidia convert to spherules
107Aspergillosis:
- rapid progression to death
- seen in the immunocompromised
-dispersion through conidia
108Watery Diarrhea:
- most common gastrointestinal infection
- caused by pathogens that attach intestines
- symptoms brief
109Dysentery:
-rapid onset w frequent evacuations
- diarrhea that contains blood
- organisms that damage colonic mucosa
110Enteric Fever
- systemic infections focused in gastrointestinal
- abdominal pain and fever
- known as typhoid fever
111Treatment for gastrointestinal infections:
care w liquid replacement rest
1122 types of infection:
endemic
pandemic
113Endemic:
- always in population
- does not pose health risk
114Pandemic:
- widespread (poor hygiene or contaminated food)
- disasters and wars spread infection
115major pathogen in developed countries:
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella
- Shigella
116Traveler's Diarrhea:
travelers in undeveloped countries (latin America) that get diarrhea; brief
117Nosocomial infection:
- acquired in hospital
- E. coli and Clostridium difficile responsible
118Food poisoning:
connected to food that is contaminated
1192 ways food poisoning can result:
infection
intoxication
120Infection:
involve a pathogen directly
121Intoxication:
involves a toxin produced by a pathogen
122most commonly seen infections in mouth are what 2:
dental caries and infections of the gum tissue
123major source of infection in the mouth is what?
plaque
124Exogenous infections:
pathogens that come into the body
125Endogenous infections:
organisms that are part of the normal microbial flora
126Enterobacteriaceae:
- grow in aerobic and anerobic conditions
- spread to blood and can cause endotoxic shock
- colonize in lower gastrointestinal tract
127what 4 bacteria produce some sort of disease in the gastrointestinal tract?
- salmonella
- shigella
- yersinia
- E. coli
128Enterotoxins cause what?
watery diarrhea
129E. coli:
- use fimbrae and pili to attach to host cells
- can produce different toxins
130what are the 4 toxins that E. coli can produce?
- pore-forming
- shiga-toxin
- heat labile toxin
- heat stable toxin
1315 categories of E. coli:
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
- Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
- Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
- Enteroaggertive E. coli (EAEC)
132Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC):
- caused by toxin
- traveler's diarrhea and in infants
- contaminated food or water
133Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC):
20% of diarrhea found in bottle-fed infants in developing countries
134Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC):
- produce shiga toxin
- transmission by infected animal products
135Shigella:
- cannot ferment lactose
- lack flagella
- 4 species invade and multiply inside a variety of cells
136Shigella causes what?
dysentery
137Shigella is strictly what type of pathogen?
a human pathogen
138shigella is resistant to what?
acid
139Salmonella:
- O antigens identify the sergroup
- K and H antigens are used for further subdivision
- posses multiple pili and are motile
140Salmonella is divided into what 5 groups?
- Gastroenteritis
- Enteric fever
- Chronic infections
- Typhoid fever
141Salmonella Gastroenteritis occurs in what 2 places?
the stomach
intestines
142Vibrio:
- spore forming
- found in salt water
- motile by flagella
- can grow aoerobically or anaerobically
143How is vibrio spread?
by contaminated water and poor sanitation
144Campylobacter Enteritis:
- ingestion of contaminated food
- direct contact w pets
- undercooked poultry
145primary resevoir for Campylobacter Enteritis:
animals
146Helicobacter pylori:
- similar to Campylobacter
- generates ammonia
- produces a circulating protein called vacuolating cytotoxin
147Most common sign of viral infection is what?
diarrhea
148Rapid onset:
within hours & lasts less than 3 weeks
149viruses that causes gastrointestinal infection:
- Rotavirius
- calicivirus
- enterovirus
- astrovirus
150Rotavirus:
- common in infants & children
- accounts for many cases of acute gastroenteritis
151Enterovirus:
- resistent to acidic environment
- transmission by direct or indirect fecal-oral route
152Hepatitis Viruses:
viruses that affects the hepatocytes of the liver
153Hepatitus A
- transmission through fecal-oral
- infection can result in poor hygiene in food handlers
- spreads to liver
- in infected patients w jaundice
154Hepatitus B
- found worldwide
- chronic carriers are main reservoir
155Hepatitus C
geographic distribution and severity of disease is related to the genotype
156Parasitic infection of the digestive system:
- Giardia
- Cryptosporidium
- Whipworms
- Hookworms
157Giardiasis:
- caused by flagella parasite Giardia dudenalis
- large
- move in mucous layer
158What are the 2 ways that Giardia move through the mochas layer?
1) tumbling motion
2) through large ventral sucker
159Disease of Giardia is associated with what?
the malabsorption by the intestinal tract
160Whipworm name:
Trichuris trichiura
1612 species of hookworms that infect humans:
Necator Americans and Anclyostoma duodenal
162In bacterial UTIs, bacteria enter the bladder from what points?
- external environment
- blood passing through the renal artery
163what bacteria is responsible for most bladder infections?
Uropathogenic E. coli
164is Cystis or Urethritis more severe and acute?
Cystis
165Pelvic Inflammatory Disease can result from what?
gonococcal or chlamydial infection
166Sexually Transmitted Urethritis:
presents as dysuria or urethral discharge or both
167Lymphadenitis:
- inflammation of the lymph nodes
- seen in herpes and lymphogranuloma venereum
- evidence is tender lymph nodes in groin
168Syphilis:
- caused by Treponema pallidum
- infection requires sexual contact
- major health problem
169Gonorrhea is caused by what bacteria?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
170Neisseria evasion mechanisms:
- blocks disposition of C3 and shuts down complement
- surface proteins bind to antibodies
- produces catalase and neutralizes oxidative
171NGU:
-infection of the urethra
-caused by Chlamydia
172NGU can become acute or chronic?
chronic
173HSV-1 is located where?
above the waist
174HSV-2 is located where?
below the waist
175HSV-2 acute:
inflammatory response; infection can spread
176HSV-2 latent:
found in sacral region; doesn't result in death of neuron; no synthesis of viral proteins
177Fungal Infections of the Genitourinary system:
Candida albicans
178most CNS infections result from the passage of pathogens across what?
the blood-brain barrier
179Bacterial meningitis is caused by:
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Staphylococcus
1803 types of polio?
- Abortive poliomyelitis
- Nonparalytic poliomyelitis
- Paralytic poliomyelitis
181Abortive poliomyelitis:
last short time; no symptoms
182Nonparalytic poliomyelitis:
irritation, stiffness, rapid and complete recovery
183Paralytic poliomyelitis:
damage neurons; recovery takes months, paralysis
184Kuru:
failure of muscle coordination/spasms; leads to dementia and death
185Fatal Familial Insomnia:
difficulty in sleeping and leads to dementia; always leads to death
186Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- seen in patients 60-70, change in cerebral function (dementia)
187Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy:
mad cow disease; infection in humans is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
188Cryptococcus
yeast form of meningitis
1892 primary Amebas of 2 genera
- Naegleria
- Acanthamoeba
190Naegleria is found in?
large number in warm ponds
191Acanthomoeba is found in?
soil and brackish water
192thrombophlebitis
infection in the veins
193endoarteritis
infection of the arteries
194endocartitis
infection of the heart
195Pneumonic plague is caused by what bacteria?
Yersinia pestis
196qualities of the F1 protein?
- Forms gel-like capsule
- Prevents phagocytosis
- Allows bacteria to reach the lymph node
197Lymes disease bacteria?
Borrelia burgdorferi
198acute Lymes?
pain, irritation, and fever
199chronic Lymes?
Meningoencephalitis, Myocarditis, Disabling recurrent arthritis
200Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by what bacteria?
Rickettsia rickettsii
201what are all the barrier defenses?
- mocous membrane
- mucociliary escalator
- lacrymal apparatus
- saliva
- epiglottis
- sebum/ perspiration
- gastric juices
- urine
- transferin
2022 types of leukocytes:
granulocytes and agranulocytes
203Eosinophils defend against what?
parasites
204neutrophils can also produce what 2 things?
perforin and granzyme
2053 types of agranulocytes:
monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes
206dendritic cells in the skin are called what?
Langerhans cells
207dendritic cells can be located in what 2 places?
Peyers patches and lamina proprietor