Anatomy and Physiology Basics
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1
What does the suffix -itis mean?
inflammation
2
What organ is retroperitoneal?
kidneys
3
What are the components of the plasma membrane phospholipids?
- polar (hydrophilic) head
- nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail
- nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail
4
How are water-soluble molecules diffused through the cell?
protein channels
5
fat soluble molecules are diffused through what structure?
phospholipid bilayer
6
Which type of epithelium lines the trachea?
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
7
What type of connective tissue are tendons?
dense regular connective tissue
8
what connective tissue stores minerals?
bone
9
what type of connective tissue are chondrocytes found in?
cartilage
10
what type of gland is a salivary gland?
exocrine gland
11
what is the delicate, unpigmented hair on a newborn?
Lanugo
12
another name for a bedsore is ......
Decubitus ulcer
13
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
14
what is swelling caused by blood-vessel permeability increase during inflammation called?
edema
15
what matrix molecule traps large quantities of water?
proteoglycans
16
what makes synovial fluid slippery
hyaluronic acid
17
what type of gland is a sebaceous gland?
holocrine gland
18
what is an image created using sound waves called?
sonogram
19
where are g-proteins found and what do they do?
in the cell membrane to transmit signals from out to in
20
what factors increase the rate of diffusion?
- temperature
- concentration gradient
- molecule size/type
- concentration gradient
- molecule size/type
21
What happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?
crenate
22
What happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?
lyse
23
If a person suffers burns all over their body, or drank large volumes of water, what will happen to their cells?
Cells would shrink from dehydration
24
what is the role of mRNA?
to carry genetic information from DNA -> ribosome
25
what does the cytoskeleton consist of?
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
26
What does the lysosome do?
waste disposal
27
what does the centrosome do?
organize microtubules
28
what does the rough ER do?
processes proteins
29
what does smooth ER do?
lipid synthesis, calcium storage
30
if a cell lacks ribosomes, what will happen?
Cannot make protein
31
What is glycolysis?
1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
32
What is the sequence of DNA -> protein synthesis
DNA -> transcription -> mRNA -> translation -> protein synthesis
33
DNA base sequence pairs
A -> U
G -> C
G -> C
34
when does DNA synthesis occur?
cell division
35
what is the difference between DNA and RNA?
U replaces T
36
What are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
37
What happens during prophase?
Preparation, chromosomes condense
38
What happens during metaphase?
Middle: Chromosomes line up in the center
39
what happens during anaphase?
Away: chromosomes pull apart to opposite sides
40
what happens during telophase?
Two nuclei form
41
End result of mitosis?
2 identical diploid cells
42
end result of meiosis?
4 different haploid cells
43
what type of cell junction would epithelial tissue that can stretch have?
desmosomes
44
what is a gap junction?
intercellular channel
45
What kind of gland pinches off a portion of membrane bound cell?
apocrine gland (mammary glands & stinky sweat glands)
46
how does a merocrine gland secrete?
exocytosis (sweat glands)
47
what happens when a holocrine gland secretes?
the cell ruptures (sebaceous glands)
48
what cell forms fibrous connective tissue?
fibroblasts
49
what is collagen?
Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength
50
what holds water in ground substance?
proteoglycans
51
where is fibrocartilage found?
intervertebral discs
52
what connects muscle to bone?
tendons
53
where are concentric lamellae found?
in the osteon of compact bone
54
what is a unipolar neuron?
One process, with an axon with dendrites on the end
55
what is a bipolar neuron
one axon and one dendrite
56
what are neuron supporting cells called?
neuroglial
57
what type of joint is a freely movable joint?
synovial joint
58
what membrane protects internal organs from friction?
serous membrane
59
what is the sequence of tissue repair?
Inflammation, blood clotting, organization, regeneration
60
why are large wounds sutured?
avoid scarring, stop pathogens
61
what do stem cells do?
Can reproduce and differentiate into specialized cells such as blood muscle or neural cells
62
what do macrophages do?
phagocytosis
63
what is a keloid?
Excessive scar tissue formation
64
when stretch marks develop, what layer have they developed in? which layer was damaged?
The dermis is stretched and damaged
65
what is the term for sloughing off older cells?
desquamation
66
what causes baldness?
hormonal factors, medical conditions, medications, hair follicles shrink
67
how do eskimos not get scurvy?
their diets
68
what is contact dermititis?
touching a substance that irritates the skin and causes inflammation
69
what is the bluish/purple discoloration of skin/lips due to low oxygen in the blood called?
cyanosis
70
what would an isotonic solution to a red blood cell be?
0.9% saline solution
71
where are blood cells produced?
in the bone marrow
72
how does a ligand agonist work?
stimulate receptor
73
how does a ligand antagonist work?
block receptor
74
sodium potassium pump movement....
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
75
what do peroxisomes use to oxidize toxic chemicals?
hydrogen peroxide
76
what causes cystic fibrosis?
a chloride channel protein misfolding
77
What can ciliary dyskinesia lead to?
buildup of mucus in lungs, hearing loss, sperm motility issues
78
what is the human karyotype
chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size
79
what is a gene?
long chain of nucleotydes
80
protein synthesis is also called...?
translation
81
what is marfans syndrome?
abnormal elastic fibers
82
what is a hemidesmosome?
anchor cells to the basement membrane
83
what is epithelial cancer called?
carcinoma
84
what makes up 65% of ECM of bone?
inorganic calcium phosphate crystals
85
what causes osteoarthritis?
hyaline cartilage lining joins degenerating
86
what causes a friction rub?
inflammation of serous membranes of pleural/pericardial cavity
87
what is a secondary union?
edges of wound are not closed; greater chance of infection
88
fibrosis replaces injured area tissue with....?
fibroblasts and collagen fibers
89
how does cardiac, skeletal muscle & nervous tissue heal?
by fibrosis
90
what vitamin is required by fibroblasts to produce functional collagen?
Vitamin C
91
what makes cellulite dimpled or "orange peel"
collagen bands form around adipose tissue
92
what makes skin waterproof?
keratinocytes
93
where are melanocytes located?
stratum basale
94
what forms tension/cleavage lines?
gaps found between collagen bundles in dermis
95
what is botox?
bacterial toxin, temporarily paralyzes facial muscles, causes skin to appear smoother
96
what cell type produces melanin?
melanocytes
97
what enzyme catalyzes tyrosine within a melanosome?
tyrosinase
98
what is the secondary function of melanin?
reduce synthesis of vitamin D in response to UV radiation
99
what causes albinism?
melanocytes fail to manufacture tyrosinase
100
where do keratinocytes actively divide in hair structure?
the Matrix
101
what is the nail root?
portion of plate that lies under the skin where the nail matrix is.
102
what is another name for a sweat gland?
sudoriferous gland
103
primary cause of acne?
male sex hormone (testosterone)
104
how can cancer be treated?
surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
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